Documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1832-1841

Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales

Documents relating to Aboriginal Australians, 1832-1841
A 611

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Contents
Australian Aborigines

1,3,5
Natives, St. Vincent's County, 1832, Return
7,9,11,13,15
Russell, Lord J. Despatch to Sir G. Gipps on the treatment
17,19,21
of the aborigines of New Holland, Aug. 25, 1840.
23,25
Russell, Lord J. despatch to Sir G. Gipps, transmitting Rept. Of Sir G. Grey upon the civilisation of the aborigines, Oct 8. 1840.
25,27,29,31, 33,35,37,39,41, 43,45,47,49,51, 53,55,57,59,61, 63,65,67,69,71,73
Grey, Sir G. Report upon the best means of promoting the civilization of the ---aborigines of Australia
75-84
Sievewright, C.W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
85-88
Thomas, W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
89-92
Harker, E. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
93-96
Mackenzie, F. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
97-100
Ogilvie, W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
102-103
Thomas, W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
105
Marker, E. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
107-118
Thomson, A. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
119-24
Ryrie, W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
125-29
King, P.P. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
131
Corlette, J. Employment of aborigines by the A.A. Company
133-37
Murray, T.A. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
139-42
Peter, J. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
143-46
Passmore, J.W.D. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
147-50
Roadknight, W. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
151-54
Phelps, J.L. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
155-59
Barber, B. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
161-64a
Rae, J. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
165-69
Wilson, T.B. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.

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171-74
G, Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
175-78
Murray, H., jun. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
179-82
Mollison, A.F. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
183-86
Oakes, H. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
187-90
Rouse, E. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
191-94
Walker, J. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
195-98
Boulton, G.B. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
199-202
Murray, T.A. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
203-207
Docker, J. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
209-210
Boulton, G.B. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
213-15
Hunter, G.D. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
217-26
Bingham, H. Information for the Legislative Council concerning the employment of aborigines, 1841.
227-52
Gipps, Sir G. Minute on Capt. Grey's report on the means of improving the aborigines of New Holland, July 8, 1841.

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1832
Return of Aboriginal Natives, taken on the Sea Coast of the County of St Vincents on July 1832

[Columns] No.--English Name--Native Name--probable Age--Number of Wives--Children Male--Children Female--Designation of Tribe--places or districts of usual resort

Table contents not transcribed

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Continuation of the Return of Aboriginal Natives taken in the County of St Vincents July 1832

Table contents not transcribed

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Continuation of the Return of Aboriginal Natives on the coast of the County of St Vincents
July 1832

Table contents not Transcribed

[Table signed W.T. Morris]

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7
Aborigines

Despatch from the Right Honourable Lrd Wm Russell to His Excellency Governor Sir George Gipps on the treatment of the Aborigines of New Holland

Downing Street
25th August 1840

No 132

In my Despatch No 128 of the 5th Instant I referred to the proposals of the Church Missionary Society, and the Reports of the Colonial Land and Emigration Companions thereupon. declining at the Same time to furnish you with positive Instructions on the Subject of the Aborigines. In So acting, however, I felt that while it was not expedient absolutely to fetter your discretion, Suggestions from H.M.’s Government for your guidance, might further and promote the great object in view.

Governor Sir George Gipps

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I proceed now to communicate Some remarks on the Report, and on the general Subject.

We should run a risk of entire failure if we should confound in our abstract description of Aborigines, the various races of People, Some half civilized, Some little raised above the Brutes, Some hunting over vast tracts of Country, others with Scarcely any Means or habits of destroying Wild Animals at all, who have encountered the discovery of invading Nations of Europe, over the face of the Globe. Our Tribe in Africa often differs widely in character from another at fifty miles distance. The Red Indian of Canada and the Native of New Holland are distinguished from each other in almost every respect. We, indeed, who Come into Contact with these various races, have one and the same duty to perform towards them all, but the manner in which this only is to be performed must vary with the varying Materials upon which we are to work. No workman would attempt to saw a plank of Fir, and cut a block of Granite with the same instrument, tho’ he might wish to form each to the Same

Shape.

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Shape. You, however, who are acquainted with the circumstances in which you have to act. can decide in what manner you can best execute the intentions of the Queen’s Government – to do justice. and Shew Kindness to the Natives of the Colony over which you preside.

There appears to be great difficulty in making Reserves of Land for the Natives which should be really beneficial to them. Two sources of mischief mar the most benevolent designs of this nature; the one rising from the inaptitude of the Natives, to change their desultory habits, and learn those of Settled industry; the other from the constant inroad of the Europeans to rob, corrupt, and destroy them. Between the Native who is weakened by intoxicating liquors, and the European who has all the strength of Superior Civilisation and who is free from restraints, the unequal contest is generally of no long duration, the Natives decline. diminish and finally disappear.

The Church Missionary Society propose in order to prevent these Mischiefs, that they Should hold Land in the Wellington Valley
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in trust for the Natives; and that all interference on the part of other Settlers should be granted. To the remarks of the Commissioners on this plan, I would only add that it might be useful, and would certainly be just, to engage to the Missionaries that if the Crown should think proper at that time to resume the Land on Wellington Valley, a full compensation or allowance shall be made to the Society for all improvements which they may have made of a permanent character. Anything which can be done, without violation of principle to induce the Church Missionary Society to continue their work, should be done. Nothing can be more painful or more dangerous, or more laborious than to take up a post in the midst of a race of Suspicious, ignorant, indolent Savages, and to defend their Cause and their existence against rapacious, violent and armed Europeans. Yet such is often the position of the Missionaries. None but a Strong feeling of Religion would induce good men to undertake such a task. But in giving such men all encouragement
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every precaution Should be taken against those who, counterfeiting the same holy and religious zeal, became Speculators in Colonial Agriculture, and lose sight of the Sacred purpose, for which alone they have been entrusted with the funds of the Society.

The Commissioners recommend that a small force should be stationed for the protection of the Missionaries and Natives. I think it might be advisable to give the Men employed in this Service, double pay, and reduce them to their former Service and pay on any instance of misconduct.

The last chance of preserving the unfortunate race of New Holland, lies in the means employed for training their Children.

The education given to such Children should consist in a very small part of reading and writing. Oral instruction in the fundamental truths of the Christian Religion, will be given by the Missionaries themselves. The Children should be taught early, the boys to dig and plough, and the trades of Shoemakers, Tailors, Carpenters
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and Masons, the girls to Sew and Cook, and wash linen, and keep clean the rooms and furniture. The more promising of these Children might be placed, by a Law to be framed for this purpose, under the Guardianship of the Governor, and placed by him at a School, or in Apprenticeship, in the more settled parts of the Colony. Thus early trained, the capacity of the race for the duties and employments of civilized life would be fairly developed.

5. There remains, as connected with this Subject, the vast, and perhaps insuperable difficulty of the Conflict carried on with little interruption between the Colonists and the Natives. The Colonist occupies a larger tract of Land than he has the means to guard; his Cattle stray, and are killed by the Natives; he collects a force, and revenges his loss on the first Tribe he encounters. Again, the Natives finding the Cattle unwatched, drive away the herd, and deprive the Colonist of his
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wealth: a new Source of retaliation and bloodshed. It is but too clear that the only effectual remedy for this lamentable evil, is an organized force adequate to keep both parties in check, and confine each to the limits which the Government shall assign. But this remedy is so expensive, and requires so much vigilance, so much temper in every Soldier or Constable, and the Territory to be traversed is so large, that it is after all, imperfect.

6. I have not yet touched on the application of the Land Fund to the protection of the Aborigines. It is my opinion that fifteen per Cent of the Yearly produce of Sales should be so applied. It will be for you to consider the details of the appropriation. But I must for the future require that on or before the 15th of January in every year, a Report should be made to you, for the information of Her Majesty and of Parliament, stating all the transactions of the past year relating

Them

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to the Condition of the Natives, - their Numbers, their Residence at any particular Spot, the Changes in their Social Condition- the Schools, and all other particulars, including the State and prospects of the Aboriginal Races.

I shall transmit a Copy of this Despatch, with some other remarks in reference to the Same Subject, to the Lt. Governors of Port Phillip, Western Australia, South Australia and New Zealand

I am
Sir
Your most obedient Servant
J Russell

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Aborigines
25
Dispatch from the Right Honourable Lord John Russell, to his Excellency Governor Sir George Gipps, transmitting reports from Captain Grey, late Commandant of an Expedition into the Interior of Australia, upon the best mans of promoting the Civilization of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Australia.

No.161

Downing Street
8, October 1840.

Sir,

I transmit to you, herewith, a copy of a Report which I have received from Captain Grey, late Commandant of an Expedition into the Interior of Australia, Containing Some Valuable Suggestions with regard to the treatment of the Aborigines.

Captain Greys suggestions appear to be founded principally on his observation of the Natives in Western Australia; but they appear to me fit for adoption generally within Your Government, subject to such Modifications as the varying circumstances of the Colony may suggest.

You

Governor Sir George Gipps
[per______per______per______ ?]

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You will communicate Copies of the enclosed Report to the Lieutenant Governor of New Zealand, and the Superintendent of Port Phillip.

I am Sir
Your Most Obedient Servant
J. Russell

-----------------------

Copy

Mauritius
June 4th 1840

My Lord,

I have the honor to submit to Your Lordship a Report upon the best means of promoting the Civilization of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Australia, which Report is founded upon a careful study of the language, prejudices, and traditional customs of this people.

Feeling anxious to render this Report as complete as possible, I have delayed transmitting it to Your Lordship

until

Lord John Russell
[per______per______per______ ?]

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until the latest possible period; portions of it have in the interim been laid before some of the Local Governments in Australia, and a few of the suggestions contained in it have been already acted upon.

[In pencil] Hulm

But as so small a portion of Australia is as yet occupied, and the important task of so conducting the occupation of New Districts, as to benefit the Aborigines in the greatest possible degree yet remains to be performed, I have thought that it would be agreeable to Your Lordship to be put in possession of all such facts relating to this interesting subject as are at present known.

None but general principles, equally applicable to all portions of the Continent of Australia, are embedded in this Report, and I am particularly solicitous that that portion of it which commenced at the 21st paragraph, should receive consideration from Your Lordship, as the whole machinery required to bring this plan into operation now

exists

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exists in the different Australian Colonies, and its full development would entail no expense whatever upon either the home or Local Governments.

I have [indecipherable]
(Signed) G Grey
Captn. 83 Regt.
Comdg. Australian Expn.
-----------------------------------------

Report upon the best means of promoting the Civilization of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Australia.
-------

1. The Aborigines of Australia having hitherto resisted all efforts which have been made for their civilization, it would appear that if they are capable of being civilized, it can be shown that all the systems, on which these efforts have been founded, contained some common error, or that each of
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them involved some erroneous principles, the former supposition appears to be the true one, for they all contained one recognized principle, the presence of which in the scheme, must necessarily have entailed its failure.

[In pencil] Walsh

2. This principle was, that although the Natives should, as far as European Property, and European Subjects were concerned, be made amenable to British Laws, yet so long as they only exercised their own customs upon themselves, ~~upon~~ and not too immediately in the presence of Europeans, they should be allowed to do so with impunity.

3. This principle originates in Philanthropic motives, and a total ignorance of the peculiar traditional laws of this people, which laws differing from those of any other known Race, have necessarily imparted to the People subject to them, a Character
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different from all other races; and hence arises the anomalous state in which they have been found.

4. They are as apt and intelligent as any other race of men I am acquainted with; they are subject to the same affections, appetites, and passions as other men, yet in many points of character they are totally dissimilar to them; and from the peculiar Code of Laws of this people, it would appear, not only impossible, that any Nation subject to them could ever emerge from a Savage State, but even that no race, however highly endowed, however civilized, could in other respects remain long in a state of civilization, if they were submitted to the operation of such barbarous Customs.

5. The plea generally set up in defence of this ~~custom~~ principle is, that the Natives of this Country are a conquered people, and that it is an act of generosity to allow them the full power of exercising their own laws
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upon themselves; but this plea would appear to be inadmissable, for in the first place savage and traditional customs should not be confounded with a regular code of laws, and secondly, when Great Britain ensures to a conquered Country the privilege of preserving its own laws, all persons resident in this Territory become amenable to the same laws, and proper persons are selected by the Government to watch over their due and equitable administration; nothing of this kind either exists, or can exist with regard to the customs of the Natives of Australia; between these two cases then, there is no apparent analogy.

[In pencil] Chambers

6. I would submit therefore, that it is necessary from the moment the Aborigines of this Country are declared British Subjects, they should, as far as possible, be taught that the British Laws are to supersede their own, so that any Native who is suffering under their own customs, may have
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the power of an Appeal to those of Great Britain; or to put this with true light, that all authorised persons should in all instances be required to protect a Native from the violence of his fellows, even though they be in the execution of their own laws.

7. So long as this is not the case the older Natives have at their disposal the means of effectually preventing the Civilization of any individuals of their own Tribes, and those among them who maybe inclined to adapt themselves to the European habits and mode of life, will be deterred from so doing by their fear of the Consequences that the displeasure of others may draw down upon them.

[In pencil] Spring

8. So much importance am I disposed to attach to this point, that I do not hesitate to assert any full conviction, that whilst those tribes which are in communication with Europeans are allowed to execute their barbarous laws under customs upon one another, so long
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will they remain hopelessly immersed in their present state of barbarism; and however unjust such a proceeding might at first sight appear, I believe that the course pointed out by true humanity would be, to wake them from the very Commencement amenable to the British Laws, both as regards themselves, and Europeans; for I hold it to be imagining a contradiction, to suppose that individuals subject to savage and barbarous laws, can rise into a state of Civilization which those Laws have a manifest tendency to destroy and overturn.

9. I have known many instances of Natives who have been almost or quite civilized, being compelled by other Natives to return to the bush, more particularly girls who have been betrothed in their infancy, and who on approaching the years of puberty have been compelled by their husbands to join them.

10. It is difficult to ascertain the
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exact effect the Institutions of a Country produce upon the character of its Inhabitants, but it may be readily admitted, that, if two savage races, of equal mental endowments, and with the same capacity for Civilization, were subject to two distinct sets of Laws, the one mild and favourable to the development of civilization, the other blood thirsty and opposed to it, the former race might gradually be brought to a Knowledge of Christianity and Civilization, whilst precisely similar efforts made with regard to the latter might be attended with no beneficial results.

11. Again it would be unfair to consider the Laws of the Natives of Australia as any indication of the real character of this People, for many races who were at one period subject to the most barbarous laws, have, since new institutions have been introduced amongst them, taken their rank among the civilized Nations of the earth.

12. To punish the Aborigines severely
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for the violation of Laws of which they are ignorant, would be manifestly cruel and unjust; but to punish them in the first instance slightly for the violation of these Laws, would inflict no great injury on them, whilst by always punishing them when guilty of a crime, without reference to the length of period that had elapsed between its perpetration, and their apprehension, at the same time fully explaining to them the measure of punishment that would await them in the event of a second commission of the same fault, would teach them gradually the laws to which they were henceforth to be amenable, and would shew them that crime was always eventually (although it might be remotely) followed by punishment.

13. I imagine that this course would be more merciful, than that at present adopted, viz; to punish them for the violation of a Law they are ignorant of, when this violation affects a European, and yet to allow them to commit this crime as often as they like, when it only regards themselves. For
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this latter course teaches them, not, that certain actions, such for instance as murder, &c, are generally criminal, but only that they are criminal when exercised towards the White People- and the impression consequently excited in their minds is, that these acts only excite our detestation when exercised towards ourselves, and that their criminality consists not in having committed a certain odious action, but in having violated our prejudices.

14. In the vicinity of Towns where there is a certain judicial force, and where an account of the facility of obtaining food, the Natives always congregate; it would be a steady and determined line of conduct, be comparatively easy to enforce an observance of the British Laws; but even partially to ~~obtain~~ attain this object in the remote, and thinly settled Districts, it is necessary that each Colony should possess an efficient Mounted Police, a portion of whom should be constantly in movement from District to District, whilst another portion resident in a central situation, should be ready to act instantly in any direction where their
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presence was required. I do not apprehend that this body need be numerous, for their utility would depend more on their activity and efficiency than on their numbers. It is absolutely necessary for the cause of humanity, and good order, that such a force should exist, for so long as distant Settlers are left unprotected, and are compelled to take care of, and avenge themselves, so long must great barbarities necessarily be committed, and the only way to prevent great crime on the part of the Natives, and massacres of these poor creatures, as the punishment of such Crimes, is to check and punish their excesses in their infancy; it is only after becoming emboldened by frequent petty excesses ~~excesses~~ that they have hitherto committed those crimes which have drawn down so fearful a vengeance upon them.

15. The greatest obstacle that presents itself in considering the application of the British Law to these Aborigines, is the fact, that from their ignorance of the nature an Oath, or of the
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obligations it imposes, they are not competent to give evidence before a Court of Justice, and hence in many cases it would be extremely difficult; if not impossible, to obtain evidence on which a prisoner could be convicted.

16. One mode of evading this difficulty would be, to empower the Court to receive evidence from the Natives, in all causes relating safely to themselves, without the Witness being sworn, only allowing testimony of this nature to hold good, when borne out by very strong circumstantial evidence.

2ndly To empower the Court always to receive evidence from Natives, called on by a Native prisoner in his defence, such evidence being subject to before named restriction.

17. The fact of the Natives being unable to give testimony in a Court of Justice is a great hardship on them, and they consider it as such; the reason that occasions their disability for the performance of this function is at present quite
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beyond their comprehension, and it is impossible to explain it to them. I have been a personal witness to a case in which a native was most undeservedly punished from the circumstance of the Natives, who were the only persons who could speak as to certain exculpatory facts, not being permitted to give their evidence.

18. There are certain forms in our Colonial Courts of Justice, as at present conducted which it is impossible to make a Savage comprehend. I attended one Quarter Sessions at which a number of Natives were tried on a great variety of charges. Several of them were induced to plead guilty, and on this admission of their having committed the crime, sentence was pronounced upon them. But when others denied their guilt, and found that this denial produced no corresponding result in their favor, whilst at the same time they were not permitted to bring forward other ~~[indecipherable]~~ Natives to deny it also, and to explain the matter for them, they became perfectly confounded. I was subsequently applied to by several intelligent Natives to explain this mystery to them, but it failed in giving such an explanation as
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would satisfy them.

19. The Natives being ignorant of our laws, of the forms of our Courts of justice, of the language in which the proceedings are conducted, and the sentence pronounced upon them, it would appear that but as very imperfect protection is afforded them, by having present in the Court merely an Interpreter, (very often an ignorant man who knows nothing of legal proceedings, and can be but very imperfectly acquainted with the Native language; it must also be borne in mind, that the Natives are not tried by a Jury of their Peers, but by a Jury having interests directly opposed to their own, and who can scarcely avoid being in some degree prejudiced against Native offenders; from these considerations I would suggest, that it should be made binding upon the Local Governments in all instances (or at least in such instances as affect life) to provide a Counsel to defend Native prisoners.

20. Some other principal preventives to the civilization of the Aborigines
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in addition to those I have already stated are;

1stly The existence of an uncertain and irregular demand for their labor; thus they may have one day sufficient opportunity afforded them for the exertion of their industry, whilst the next day their Services are not required, so that they are compelled once more to have recourse to their former irregular and wandering habits.

2ndly Their generally receiving a very inadequate reward for the Services they render; this combined with their natural fondness for the bush induces them to prefer that mode of subsistence, which whilst it is infinitely more agreeable, and less laborious, procures for them nearly as great a reward as hiring with white people.

3rdly Their not being taught that different values are attached to different degrees of labor, as well as to the skill and neatness with which it is performed.

21. These impediments might all either be removed or modified in some Districts, by the establishment of Native Institutions and Schools, but in forming a general plan
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for their removal, which would be equally applicable to all parts of a Colony, a very novel difficulty presents itself.

22. Imagining that a Native Child is perfectly capable of being civilized, let it also be granted that from proper preventive measures having been adopted, this child has nothing to fear from the vengeance of the other Natives, so that it stands in these respects nearly or altogether in the position of an European.

23. If this Native Child is a boy, who is to pay the Individual who undertakes to teach him some calling, the fee usually given with an Apprentice? Who will ~~[indecipherable]~~ indemnify this person for the time he spends in instructing the boy before he can derive any benefit from his labor, or for the risk he incurs of the boy's services being bestowed elsewhere, as soon as they are worth having.

24. Until this difficulty is got over, it appears evident that the Natives will only be employed in herding Cattle, or in the lowest order of manual labor
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which requires no skills, and for which the reward they receive will be so small, as scarcely to offer an inducement to them to quit their present wandering mode of life.

25. The remedy I would suggest for this evil, would have another advantage besides a tendency to ameliorate it, for it would give the Settlers a great and indirect interest in the Aborigines, without entailing any expense upon the Government. It is founded on the following fact.

26. The Government in order to create a supply of labor in the Colonies, have been in the habit of giving certain rewards to those Individuals who introduced Laborers into them. Now it would appear that he who reclaims one of the Aborigines not only adds another Laborer to those who are already in the Colony but further confers such a benefit on his fellow Settlers, by rendering one who was before a useless and dangerous being, a serviceable member of the Community, that this circumstance alone entitles him to a reward.
27.

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Davis [in pencil]

27. I would therefore propose that on the production of the hereafter named documents, a settler should receive a Certificate entitling him to a certain sum, which should either be allowed to reckon towards the completion of Location duties, or else as a Remission Certificate in the purchase of Land; or in lieu of this a Grant of Land; and that this Sum or Grant should be regulated according to a table specifying the various circumstances that are likely to occur, and drawn up by the Local Government of each place where such regulation should be introduced.

28. The documents to which I allude are these:
1stly A Deposition before the nearest Magistrate to such Settler's house, that a Native, or Natives have been resident with him constantly for the last six months, and have been employed in stated species of labor.
2ndly A Certificate from the Government Resident of the District that to
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the best of his belief such Statement is true, for that on his visiting this Settler's house, the stated number of Natives were there, and were respectively occupied in the Kinds of labor described.
3rdly A Certificate form the Protector of Aborigines that he has visited this Settlers house, that the stated number of Natives were resident there, and appeared to be progressing in the Knowledge of that branch of industry, in which they were respectively stated to be employed.

29. It would be further necessary that any Settler who intended to Endeavour to Reclaim Natives, should give a short notice of to the Protector of Aborigines, previously to the Commencement of the first Six Months.

30. Could this plan be brought into operation, the work of the Civilization of the Aborigines would at once be Commenced upon a great Scale; it would not be Confined to a Single Institution, but a variety of Individuals endowed with different talents and capacities for this
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work would at once be employed on it; it is indeed rather suited and intended for the outskirts of Civilization, thinly populated by Settlers, than for Towns, yet it is applicable to both Situations, whilst its direct operation would be to induce the Settler adequately to remunerate the Native for, as well as to provide him with, a Constant Supply of labor, and to use every exertion by Kind and proper treatment to attach him for as long a period as possible to his Establishement.

31. In considering the kinds of labor in which it would be most advisable to engage natives, it should be borne in mind that in Remote Districts where the European population is Small, it would be imprudent to induce many Natives to Congregate at any one point; and the Kinds of labor in which they should be there engaged, ought to be of Such a Nature, as to have a tendency to Scatter them over the Country, and to distribute them amongst the Separate Establishments

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32. Whilst in the well peopled Districts, where a force sufficient both to protect and control the Aborigines exists, they Should be induced to assemble in great numbers; for they work much more readily when employed in masses; and by thus assembling them on one point, their numbers are diminished in those portions of the Colony which have a Small European population, and they are concentrated at a spot where proper means for their improvement can be provided.

33. The first of these principles has been Strictly attended to, in the plan proposed in the 27th and following paragraphs of this Report; the Second had been carried into successful operation in Western Australia.

34. In order that the work on which the Natives are employed in the vicinity of town, should be of the most advantageous nature, it is necessary that it should be productive of benefit both to themselves and the Government which employs them, so that it cannot be Complained of as a useless expense, whilst at the Same time it should be of Such a Kind as to accord with
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that love of excitement and change which is peculiar to this people.

35. Both of these ends would be attained by employing the Aborigines either in Opening New Roads, or in Repairing Old lines of Communication; indeed this mode of employment is Singularly Suited to the habits of this people; they might be Kept constantly moving from post to post, thus varying the Scene of their operations; one portion of the party might be employed in hunting with Kangaroo dogs, or Fishing, in order to Supply the others with Fresh meat; and the Species of labor in which the main body were engaged, might, if they wished it, be changed once or twice in the Course of the day, to prevent their being wearied by the monotonous Character of their employment.

36. Among other enactments which I believe would have a tendency to promote the civilization of the Aborigines, and which are applicable to those Districts in which for some time, a great intercourse has existed between the Natives and Europeans
are

[Page 40]

(25)

71
are the following.

37. "That any Native who could produce a Certificate (from the Protector of Aborigines) of having been constantly employed at the house of any Settlers for a period of not less than three Years, should be entitled to a Grant of Land, the extent of which should be fixed by the Local Government of the Colony to which Such Native Should belong, and that if possible this Grant should be given in the District to which this Native by birth belonged."

"That in addition to this Grant, he Should receive a Sum of money; the amount of which should also be fixed by the Local Government and which Should be drawn from the funds raised by the Sale of Government Lands, and which Sum should be expended in Goats, Poultry, etc, so as to enable the Native in some manner to Stock his Land."

"That ~~every~~ any Native having only one Wife, who produced a Certificate of the Civil Marriage Contract having been
performed

[Page 41]

(26)

73
performed between himself and her, by the Resident of the District to which he belonged & Should be entitled to a Suitable Reward."

"That any Natives who registered duly the birth of any of their Children, should be entitled to a Small Reward."

"That some Competent person should be paid to instruct two Native Boys in Such a manner as to qualify them to Act as Interpreters in Courts of Law; and that as Soon as they are found Competent, they Should be employed for this purpose."

I believe that many other Regulations Similar to these would be found to produce a very beneficial effect.

[Page 42]

75
B.1.
(Circular)
No. 41/4
Council Office, Sydney
12 June 1841.

Sir,
His Excellency the Governor, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Upon every occasion when I had the means of doing so.

[Page 43]

Question 2. If such be the case, please to state what numbers you have generally had so engaged; whether they have continued in constant employ; what has been the nature of their occupation; and how have you been satisfied with their assiduity!

During the months of February March and April last, while commencing the formation of an aboriginal Establishment in this neighbourhood the number daily employed averaged 25 I at that time became acquainted for the first time with the Tribes with whom I have since been engaged; and at once began the system, which I had decided upon pursuing with them – namely that the young and able bodied should be required to perform an allotted task, ere they received their daily food – Although these natives (with a few exceptions,) had no previous intercourse with the White population, they at once agreed to the terms proposed, and worked each, at the average of four hours a day, (different working parties relieving each other), at what may be termed hard labor, namely felling & burning trees; rooting them up, and otherwise clearing the land; sinking wells; fencing &c and I had every reason to be satisfied, with the result of the experiment, which I only had it in my power to test, for about nine months, the agricultural & other operations having since then, been temporarily suspended – some individuals having remained constantly with me have been taught the duties of grooms, & Bullock drivers, & one of them has been dispatched, alone with the team of six bullocks a distance of seven miles to procure meat, and wheat; having during the absence of the bullock drivers,) had to yoke & unyoke his team.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

To the sick, aged, and young children by whom I am surrounded, I am authorised to issue a certain portion of food – The young & able bodied, who worked,- on their tasks being finished; were paid for their labor, in a small tin coin – with which at stated periods they went to the overseer, and received for it, at option, Flour, Rice, Meat, Tea Sugar or Tobacco; to the value of a Ration; others who have accompanied me to a distance as guides;– or whom I have dispatched with letters, (on two occasions to a distance of fifty miles which duties they faithfully performed) are rewarded by receiving a Blanket, or Tomahawk, & an allowance of flour, sufficient for their journey.

[Page 44]

77
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

As to Capacity, – their quick perception, and great bodily activity, entitles them to be placed much higher in the scale of intelligent beings, and uses of [indecipherable] to an Establishment; than those specimens of inaptness that generally constite [constitute] the character of agricultural laborers in many of the inland counties of England. - their dispositions are confiding, & cheerful, when their confidence is obtained, - and I have not the slightest doubt of the practicability of their becoming useful laborers, and even handicrafts, where the means afforded them of acquiring such Knowledge. On 23rd November last, I addressed a letter to the Chief Protector of Aborigines; recommending that the Crown Prisoners attached to this Department might be selected in reference to their capability to teach the natives their trades such as Carpenters, Shoe Makers, Tailors &c so that I might have the opportunity of testing the capability of the younger Natives to become Workmen; to which occupations, the younger branches, – like other children, have appeared anxious to betake themselves when I have had Workmen employed where they were.

Under existing circumstances, I do not think they could be attached regularly to the Establishments of Settlers in the capacity of hired Servants; unless they were removed from the vicinity, & influence of their respective tribes.

Quest 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in other useful occupations?

Reply to Question No 5 contained in the appended sheet

[Page 45]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week, or month; what do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

Reply to Question No 6 contained in the appended Sheet

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers, so far as you can form an estimate, in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

Reply to Question No 7 contained in the appended Sheet

[indecipherable]
Asst Protector of Aborigines
Western District

Lake Tarany
24th September 1841

[Page 46]

79
Reply to Question No 5

In many instances I have known the Natives to reside for months, – and in one instance for a year, at the Stations of Settlers, who during that period employed them as Shepherds and entrusted them, with the conveyance of Stores to their different out Stations; – and while they were thus engaged I have never known nor has it been reported to me, that they have abused the confidence reposed in them. Amongst themselves, they have a right of property – which right is strictly respected.

I doubt the possibility of permanently attaching them to the Establishments of Settlers, under existing circumstances for the following reasons – Each individual of a tribe, is at all times bound to obey, the orders, of his Elders and Chief, – who may, and who do, call upon him to perform such services as they may require, - their Government is a confederacy of independent Warriors, who derive their principal force from many inferior and voluntary associations, which individuals formed under a particular head, or Chief, religiously observe, and which it becomes their highest ambition to maintain – the consideration in which a Chief is held, depends on the number, the bravery, and the zealous attachment of his Tribe; - whose duties require that they should accompany him in all feuds, and dangers, – that they should fight in his cause, and provide for his security

[Page 47]

and that they should esteem his fame, or his favor, a sufficient recompence for all their services. – Until therefore they are absolved from this allegiance, and relieved from this compact, - they must at all times be liable, while in the vicinity of their Tribes to such calls, as would materially interfere with any settled occupation – To these duties I have traced the cause of what is imagined to be “erratic propensities", and were the attempts now being made for their civilization to commence, - as all civilization ought, - through the chiefs and Elders of their Nations, – by a thorough provision being made for the aged. – who from having a permanent asylum assured to them, would be induced not less by their infirmities and need of repose than from necessity having then ceased, for that incessant surveillance which the Chiefs mutually compel each other to observe, for the safety of themselves and retainers; and which duties create in a great measure these wanderings from which it is so desirable to wean them. – the latter, thus freed would more readily settle down to our habits and pursuits while a provision and security being thereby afforded to all – the infant portion

[Page 48]

81
of their society being consequently within our control, would make a rapid stride towards ultimate emancipation from their state of moral degradation, while their present wretched condition would receive that amelioration and protection which it so much requires.-

The furthering of these suggestions, would involve the necessity of securing to the aborigines such treatment at the Establishments to which they might be attached, as would insure to them the indulgence, which their new position would require, and the continuance of the enjoyment of their domestic ties, and social habits, which at present constitute their sole pleasure and amusement. – These objects would be combined in the first instance at the Establishments of this department, whose care and duty it would become, to see them continued, and extended, in those places to which under the sanction of the Protectorate the aborigines might be ultimately engaged while the protectors, during their periodical visits to the aborigines thus employed – would receive their appeals, see to the proper expenditure of their wages, and otherwise generally attend to their interests. –

Reply to Question No 6

I can state, (as an extreme case) that I

[Page 49]

have known the Aborigines to perform services which no European could be found to undertake, namely the unloading of Vessels and conveyance of the cargo, from the beach to the Stores in [indecipherable], during the heat of Summer – I have known them to be employed from Sunrise to Sunset, for days in washing sheep, and as before stated to be employed for months as good and efficient Shepherds – their average services as such were esteemed by the Settlers, much superior, as to carefulness and assiduity to the conduct of those reckless characters which have hitherto chiefly composed the Servants of this district – Kindness with a marked distinction as to food, clothing and general treatment, have at all times been sufficient inducements to obtain their services

As Laborers, the prevailing feature in their character is indolence, or that love of ease which all natives indulge in when there is no immediate call for activity. – A few hours daily excursion in the Bush is quite sufficient (where their country is not over run with the white population) to supply their wants, and knowing this, they are quite
improvident

[Page 50]

83
of the morrow & when age, or disease overtakes them their wants are provided for by their relations, and hence the difficulty in overcoming in many of them, their idleness – especially if more labor is exacted in return for their food than what they have been want from necessity to give for it. Creating amongst them factitious wants, by the introduction of our luxeries, such as Tea Sugar, Tobacco, Flour etc. has succeeded with most of them in inducing them to work, although certain individuals of each Tribe will not on any account work, these are the Chiefs & their families, who upon all occasions share the food the others have earned though not partaking in the labor

Where my Tents now are (13 miles S.E. of Mount Shadwell (Mitchell) the number of Natives that inhabit within the radius of a circle fifty miles in diameter I have reason to believe to be five hundred. Of these I have seen, and registered by name three hundred & eighty nine since February last. The number who occasionally range within these limits, must amount
to

[Page 51]

several hundreds more, those natives who inhabit to the South, and to the West of Mount Rouse, who have not yet joined me are very numerous

CW Sievwright
Asst. Protector of Aborigines
Western District Port Phillip

[Page 52]

B. 1.

(Circular)
No. 41/4
Council Office Sydney
12 June 1841.

Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

[Page 53]

[transcribers note: It appears that the right hand side of this page is missing words : two dots ".." indicate the end of a line cut off in the binding]

The Num .. as sixty ..
I have .. continued timed above two or three day regularly at work .. and then indulged in a days rest, in their erratic .. Bush those who go in search of food one day gen. .. to have always been their custom – Their humane .. as they always divide among their fellows the ..

Their occupation has been various such as .. Digging &c. I endeavor’d to change their employment .. more amusing.

Considering their Erratic Habits and the Life .. I have very often been more than satisfied with .. who will do as much work as white men consider .. tired to work till ten in the morning and allowing .. afternoon - I have a two rail Paddock of seven .. it their own work –-----

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so of what kind, and to what amount?

They have always been rewarded for their labor in food never in money - I have occasionally given a Tomahawk or Pannican to any who have done more than I expected or required nothing further

My general plan of remunerating them is, to boil or give those who work at Noon one pound of rice each which is boil'd for them, which at the ringing of the Bell for the workmen to dine they eat, and two pound of flour & a little sugar at the close of the day which they enjoy with their family – those who are not disposed to work in the forenoon, do not partake of the Dinner

[Page 54]

87
[Transcribers note: Left side of page very faint. It appears that the left hand side of this page is missing words : two dots ".." indicate the start of a line cut off in the binding]

Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Their Disposition is far from unfavorable, it is our ignorance of these people that bears against them.

.. ity (and not capacity) that they need, and if pro
.. be made useful in almost any employment –
.. assured with speedy extinction of their race – Already their unfortunate connection with the huts of Settlers,
.. such a course (say nothing of their history of Nature which
.. would occasion (would I fear speedily end the tale
.. & Boyhood among Settlers bears against such a proposition –
.. had even been taught to bow the knee, or a single letter of .. absence of Christian instruction can never eventually re-
.. Mr Batman (who was much extol’d for his success in civilizing
.. ing those under his charge, and was awfully struck in a moral
.. them out but they all broke their agreements before the first
.. lacks solely but others also who have come under my notice –
.. Stability to herd cattle or watch sheep their end is answer'd. Then
.. supposing such to be practicable the highest pitch the aborigine
.. to inherit a portion of their native soil – I cannot but re-
.. the District to which that Tribe belong would be the dawn

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

There cannot in my opinion be a surer method than by continued supplying their wants, and that at the (indecipherable) from settlers – There are many prejudices standing between
..and borne down by continued kindness between a
..at a station. I do not think in their present state moved beyond the pale of his own tribe – These must be formed for the reception of stable occupancy – The
.. should be particularly studied their wants well (indecipherable) The Station, the Protector embracing every opportunity to
.. building for them (indecipherable) and prefs them to alter their way of
.. as a School Master should be on the station preparing
.. watching over the moral condition of the aborigine – at the station, as at the Philanthropic School near
.. station in order that they might partake from their
..lace should reasonably compete with the Station – There
.. ent Tribes should not be permitted to congregate together
.. should be well examined and discouraged – also unless by permission or with the Protector, at large
.. and throws back the work of the Protector – The Protector
.. small degree, If so he would feel it no unkind part of his
.. them – They should be punished for outrages on each other (if not to the extent of White Men) to convince the party injured that there is security under our rule – minor offences against society might be punished in full as the stocks for Drunkenness, and imprisonment for petty theft – They would then be prepared for (indecipherable)

[Page 55]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish by the day, week, or month; What do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

I cannot state precisely the average worth of their labor in comparison to a White Man, in some services they are equal if not superior, such as keeping cattle together tracking &c – But their (indecipherable) is an odds against their services as, when disposed to leave, leave they will without notice or assigning any reason, I knew an instance by (indecipherable) seat of one (Mungara) white in the act of dressing (indecipherable) leave – In my estimate take the day or week thro’ the average might be three to one, that is to say three Blacks labor value to one white man – I know of no likelier way of inducing them to exert themselves than by offering them some comfort independent of their Diet, such as a Blanket, Trowsers, shirt &c.- but this also with the exception of the Blanket will very much depend upon where they are, if not at the Station they pay very little regard to clothes, everything in their estimation unnecessary is an incumbrance – I have known them burn very good clothes, on leaving the settlement for the Bush.

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers so far as you can form an estimate, in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

- Their prevailing Disposition and character as laborers is indolence, especially the young, there are exceptions but Indolence is their prevailing character, prefering sleep, & sauntering about to work, unless it be something that pleases them such as riding after cattle –

- The number of aborigines in my immediate District may be about 190 calculating those who when young left their own tribe and settled among my Tribe, - This comprehends the country from Mel – to the source of the Yarra E by N, and from Melbourne along the coast to the E point of Western Port abutting to Gipps Land –

+ to 5 Question – I have however 2 exceptions to this assertion, one an old man who stop’d 4 months as a shepherd but he has again left & returned to his Tribe – the other a youth with Mr Assistant surveyor (indecipherable) who still is with him but has occasionally been with his Tribe.

Wm Thomas
Assistant Protector
Western Port District

Native Encampment
Waguk Nern 16 Sept - 1841

[Page 56]

B.1
(Circular)
No. 41/4
Council Office Sydney
12 June 184/.

89
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

A.1. It has been my constant endeavour since the formation of the aboriginal establishment under my charge in the month of November last to induce the aborigines to concentrate and employ themselves for their own advantage until the month of June last, when it was finally removed to its present situation, the establishment was only of a temporary character; and on this account sufficient employment could not be found for the numbers congregated together without incurring much profitless expence. The aborigines were employed in every description of labour that could be created, and the results as ill be indicated by subsequent statements were very satisfactory. Since the occupation of the present station on the Upper branch of the L(indecipherable), ample employment has been furnished in the cultivation of the ground, building, fencing, and other labour incident to the formation of a new station.

[Page 57]

A.2. From the 1st Dec. 1840 to the (indecipherable) Sept 1841 the number of aborigines daily assembled at my station has ranged from 30 to 170, the average is about 120. Of these, the average number of men and boys either constantly or occasionally employed from the 1st February to the 31st May was 31, and from the 1st June to the 1st September 43.

As, however, great variety of character and habit, exists among the aborigines coming under my notice I append in further reply to the question, a statement of the number of days spent at the stations by the most useful individuals among the able bodied men and boys, and of the number of days on which they were employed in any industrious occupation. This statement refers first to the period when sufficient occupation could not be furnished, hence the results must necessarily be imperfect and secondly, to the period in which full employment has been found for all who could be induced to work.

Taking into consideration the circumstance that labour is foreign to their habits, and remembering the many (indecipherable) influences to which they are subject, I have been generally satisfied with the (indecipherable) with which they have yielded to any persuasions to employ themselves for their own advantage. In a few instances, particularly among the boys, there has been a steady continuance in the occupation furnished for nearly the entire period referred to in the subjoined statements

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

A. 3. No pecuniary remuneration has ever been given. The only rewards given for labour are full rations of food, and the occasional gift of articles of clothing &c. proportioned to their industry A circulating medium or to me common representative of the value of labour is however much (indecipherable) on the Establishment.

[Page 58]

91
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servant; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

A.4. I am decidedly of opinion that if the aborigines of this part of the colony had been subject to proper treatment in the first occupation of the country, they would have furnished by this time, a valuable supply of labourers suited to the particular wants of the country. The occupation of shepherds, stockkeepers, drivers, and (indecipherable), as they do not require any long sustained bodily exertions are particularly suited to their habits; and in these capacities they might have been, and may still ultimately become, useful. But they are not adapted for the severe duties of agricultural labourers.

I do not think it possible at present to attach the aborigines of this district permanently to the establishments of settlers.
Before such a measure can be practicable, their moral condition must be greatly improved, - a remedial process must be effectually applied for the evils we have already brought on them by our occupation of their country – they must be taught to estimate the value of labour and the beneficial results of industry, and to have some (indecipherable) of the respective relations of master and servant. They have been too short a time (at least in this District) under any thing like a civilizing process to be fitted for engagements as hired servants.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

A. 5. The primary means of inducing them to engage in regular occupation is to bring them by suitable instruction (a work of great difficulty and labour) under the influence of Christian principles. As a secondary means I confine myself to a single suggestion, which however involves the main principle of the treatment to which the aborigines are subjected at this station; - that in all cases where they are employed they should be made to feel that their occupation is for their own benefit rather than for the advantage of the employer. They appear generally to feel that they owe us nothing, and that they are under no obligation to work. If the suspicion therefore by aroused in their minds that they are working more for the benefit of the whites, than their own advantage, they will speedily secede from their employment: but if they feel that their own comfort, compettancy and security are inseparably connected with regular occupation, in a great many instances they will readily engage in such occupation, and become exceedingly useful to their employers.

[Page 59]

[The first part of this page too stained to transcribe]

Question 7. What do you consider to be the prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers so far as you can form an estimate, in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

A.7 The prevailing character of the Australian aborigine as of all other savage nations is unquestionably in attitude and disinclination to hard labours but this character may be and indeed has become greatly modified by circumstance.

The district most immediately [indecipherable] notice at present extends from the Alexandrine ranges on the East to the Pyrenees on the West – and from the cast ranges on the South between Mount Macedon and Bouring on – to an undefined line about 120 miles northward. I have conclusively ascertained that there are [indecipherable] than 300 aborigines within these limits probably more in the remote parts. I remitted in February last a [indecipherable] of 280 names to the Chief Protector nearly all of who are personally known to me.

Edwd [indecipherable]
Assist Protector
Mount Macedon District

[Page 60]

(22)

Received 10th August 1841
B.1.

(Circular)
No. 41/4
Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/.

93
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

F. Mackenzie Esq,
Kingparrot Creek
Goulburn River
Melbourne

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I am occasionally in the habit of employing the native blacks.

[Page 61]

I seldom employ more than 5 to 10 male & female – they seldom can be induced to remain more than from 2 to 6 days at a time – and work irregularly and only for a few hours a day the men strip bark for roofing &c – lop the boughs of trees [indecipherable] from their shade, bring in firewood, ground wheat, week cultivated ground, dig potatoes, look for stray horses or cattle – the women do the same work with the exception of stripping bark and lopping trees –

They work quickly but not steadily and never can be induced to remain long in one place –

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind and to what amount?

I have been accustomed to pay them for their services in Wheat Potatoes – Garden stuff sugar - & other food in proportion to the work they do

[Page 62]

95
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I do not know how the adults can be induced to relinquish their wandering habits which must be the first step towards rendering them useful- But if so monies were established for the purpose of civilizing & educating the children – I think most of their parents could be induced to leave them to the care of Europeans – on being convinced that they would be fed & not ill used –

Coercive measures would probably be necessary at first in order to induce the children to remain –

Those seminaries ought to have a certain quantity of land attached to them for cultivation & depasturing some sheep and a few quiet cattle –

A master to instruct the boys & a matron for the females & younger children with assistants according to the number of blacks kept at the establishment would also be necessary – they might be taught to read & write & accustomed by degrees to labour and look after sheep & cattle –

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

If kept in those seminaries for 4 to 6 years & accustomed to the use of European food & clothing I think they might eventually become useful members of society -

[Page 63]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish by the day, week, or month; what do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

Their services are so desultory that it is impossible to state the amount of their labour or give an estimate of the proportion it bears to that of Europeans –

The rewards which will induce them most readily to work and warm articles of clothing – especially blankets – and food flour – rice – sugar – fresh meat of any kind particularly mutton – They are also very partial to the small axes usually called Tomahawks – as well as to clasp knives – Pipes & tobacco -

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers, so far4 as you can form an estimate, in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

They work quickly but not steadily

There are seldom more than 20 at my station at once & generally not more than half that number – and I think not more than 100 to 150 who visit me at various times –

Their country is the upper part of the Goulburn river and its tributaries – they however travel down to Melbourne – a distance of 60 miles being on friendly terms with the Yarra tribe

I have the honor to be
Sir
Your mo: obl. Sert.
F. Mackenzie

Kingparrot Creek
a tributory stream
of the Goulburn
4th Augst. 1841

[Page 64]

97
Memo: for Clerk of Council – this as it conveys rather more insult to the Committee, than information on the subject under enquiry it presume I shall be authorised to exclude from those selected for publication
R. O’Conner
234 Augt. 1841

Yes –
Wm. Macpherson

B1
(Circular)
No.
Council Office Sydney,
12 June 184/:

Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggest the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as t the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following question, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Chief of Council.

William Ogilvie Esq J.P.
Merton

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yes, occasionally

[Page 65]

I have one native black, a shepherd and a very good one, and constant. He was wounded in the foot by a spear and is lame in consequence and can therefore earn his livelihood more easily as a shepherd than a Hunter. no other of his race ever satisfied me by his assiduity.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

Roger my shepherd is well fed and clothed.

[Page 66]

99
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Much could be made of them in many ways, provided only they were caught young.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above or in any other useful occupations?

By cutting off their great toes. They could not then climb the trees for opossoms two hours so spent or in fishing, will supply them with all they want for the day; why then should they vex themselves with the drudgery of labour? – They are not fools

[Page 67]

They are not labourers at all, and for the same reason that any other gentleman is not viz that he can live without labour. So also can they, and as comfortably as they wish to live.

They realise the philosophy that Diogenes dreamed of, yet are no cynics rather Gymnsophists.

George Wyndham

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers, so far as you can form an estimate, in your immediate neighborhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

But surely the Council will not encourage a “degraded class" among our pure population.

[Page 68]

[Transcribers note: Some pages have been glued together over the words]

They have capacity & powers as white men it is [indescribable] trained I have every reason to believe might

- To attach them to Settlers would be attended I feel their number have been thin’d thro’ disease entailed by laboring under an almost universal debased population separation from each other constituted as they are

- My experience in examining those who have been from their
- I have carefully examined several and never found one, who [indecipherable] the alphabet, all have been Drunkards, civilization in the
.. the approbation of God – I was order’d after the Death of
.. the Blacks) by the Chief Protector to make some enquiry [indecipherable] point of view with their condition, I articled three or four [indecipherable] three months – I do not ground my opinion upon the Batmans B
- The Settlers object is Interest, if an aborigine can arrive to the [indecipherable]
to serve man (& not God) appears the [indecipherable] Ultra – Further could ever arrive to would be that of an hired laborer no
..peat my opinion, that to attach a Tribe to the Settlers in [indecipherable] of Slavery, and accelerate their speedy extinction

..tion alloted for them, they must for a time be separated
them and civilized Man, that will till pursuaded [indecipherable]
barrier to their constancy were they induced to engage
that one could be detained two Moons unless he was re..
in my opinion be a Preparatory School and the mind
Old men have great power, (in intimidating the young)
..plied, which cannot be more effectually done than at
export, encourage, & persuade them to live under cover
living – A Missionary or Catechist who might act
the minds of the young, & in the absence of the Protector – Businesses of various kinds should be carried on
London – Cattle and sheep should be kept on the
own station the fruit of their care – in fact no
should be a separate station for each tribe - - Difer..
- should any strange Blacks appear at the Station the
Aborigines should not be permitted to visit large towns Towns not only demoralise them, but unhinges them
should have power to relieve all on the station even the [indecipherable] in some guardianship to recommend the Vagrant Laws in operation against

[Page 69]

103
..ber employed have been various I have had as many
- but many of the number could scarce be said to work -
..generally found that they have not (the same parties) con..
- Generally speaking they have worked one or two days..
..states they are the same, I have observed the same in the
..ally lounges the next, and appears by what I can learn
..disposition one to each other suites the indolent..
..fortune of the day ---------------------
..Grubbing, Fencing, splitting, Morticing, Boring, Sawing
In order to make them generally handy, & make work
..between the chase and Civilized occupation their
assiduity – there are five or six of my tribe
..hours at work – They seldom can be en..
..an hour to sleep with work till four in the ..
..dred and fifty yards almost the whole of

[Page 70]

105
Statement referred to in the Reply to Question 2

Name Feb 1 to May 31 June to Sep 1 Nature of Employment

[Following table not transcribed]

Under the term general laborer is included stripping bark cutting timber, breaking up ground with hoes, fencing, &c. &c.

From the 1st of June to the 31st August the following was the result of aboriginal labour of this description.

240 Perches of new ground hoed up
300 Sheets of bark cut and prepared for roofing
350 Poles cut and trimmed for frames and roofs of buildings
150 Rods of bush fencing completed

[Page 71]

20 B.I.
107

(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/

Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Leglislative Council to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Often.

[Page 72]

Two or three at a time as shepherds – they stop sometimes a week and sometimes a month.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

Cloths Blankets and food.

[Page 73]

109
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Answer to this will be found in the paper attached.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

Do – Do -

[Page 74]

Answer to this in the paper attached.

The tribes between Gulony and the Lakes about 400.
Their prevailing disposition is well described by Ovid.
[Latin quotation not transcribed]

[Page 75]

111
Question 4. The plan of attempting to attach the Aboriginal Natives to the establishments of settlers, as laborers without some previous preparatory moral instruction is fraught with so many and serious considerations affecting the collective interests of the natives as to render any experiment of this kind entirely unadvisable. By this plan I know not what provision could be made for the aged and infirm. Very few settlers it is presumed could be induced to incur the burthen of supporting the women and children whose usefulness must be very limited – nor could the settlers give that personal attention to the peculiar habits & wants of these people as would be necessary to secure their orderly behaviour and promote their comfort.

However well disposed towards the aborigines might be the disposition of the Settlers, their necessary intercourse with the prisoners and other servants employed on large establishments would subject them to the most dangerous moral influence, and augment to a fearful extent the occasion of those miseries which have already in so many instances terminated in loathsome diseases – conflicts and death. Under the present state of things no one but a personal observer is capable of forming an opinion of the increased and increasing miseries of these people arising from their intercourse with the white population. One of these calamitous results which I will mention for the sake of illustration is the increase of prostitution and
the

[Page 76]

the aggravated misery by which it is followed. The native of avarice, or the desire of European property added to the dictates of depraved persons are inducements to the commission of this crime; it is become a kind of traffic carried on at the expense of degradation, suffering and destruction of life. It is followed, not only by the misery and sometimes death of the unhappy victims of this intercourse, but its bitter effects are suffered by their offspring, while numbers of halfcaste infants are murdered as soon as they are born. To this some of evil might be added a number of others which tend to lesson their numbers, debase their morals, lead to violence and outrage, and create a barrier to the spread of knowledge and civilization.

Then it determined by any coercive measure to compel the Blacks to remain at stations contrary to their inclination there condition would be aggravated by the annexation of slavery.

But such a measure is wholly in applicable to the condition of the Blacks in as much as it furnishes no motive to the Aborigine sufficiently powerful to induce him to forego the habits and pursuits of savage life. To promise him a grant of land at the end of their years settled servitude with one individual would have no influence for he considers the land to be his own, indeed every family has its separate portion – to work in order to his being fed and clothed, is a Tax much
to

[Page 77]

113
to great; and as his inclination is a much more powerful principle than his judgement the motives for wandering are strengthened by the price required for its relinquishment. This course of remark applies not only to this particular mode of civilizing, but to every other which offers motives of no higher import.

Questions 5 & 6

To suggest means for the amelioration of the wretched condition of the Aborigines of this country at once appropriate and efficient – it is indespensible that the true cause of their calamities be ascertained for if ;the remedy proposed by applied only to circumstances which are obviously the effects of a cancer, the insidious operation of which is not only estimated, disappointment must necessarily ensue – A careful consideration of this perplexing subject will, it is presumed, lead but to one conclusion viz. that the vagrant and indolent habits existing amongst these people as well as the distressing privations civil and social which they endure are traceable to no other cause than their fallen and sinful condition; - a condition which involves no radical distinction between them and other communities, save that which presents the relative changes resulting from the elevating influence of moral instruction, and consequent Christian civilization.

It is submitted then that the most advisable, nay the only certain means
of

[Page 78]

of bettering their condition is to make them acquainted with our holy religion, by introducing amongst them such Ministers of the gospel as are influenced by the constraining love of God, who, while they engage in the undertaking of after the apostolic example “counting not their own lives dear to them" – strive to convince them in life and manner how they ought to labour and thereby support themselves

In introducing amongst them, even this plan, regard must be had to their relative and civil circumstances. It must be remembered that the numerous Tribes are in every respect distinct, that the country occupied by each tribe has, amongst them, well defined limits, that there are almost endless variations in the dialects peculiar to the several tribes, that they are very jealous of their hereditary interests, are often involved in fierce contentions, and are little disposed to confide in those who profess equal concern for the welfare of every tribe; hence the establishment of Missions to separate tribes is likely to operate most successfully in ensuing the entire confidence of the people, lessening the difficulty of attaining an adequate acquaintance with their language, manners and customs, as well as ascertaining and obviating the causes of those frequent collisions
which

[Page 79]

115
which occur both amongst themselves and the colonists.

The Right Honorable Lord John Russel in a late Despatch to His Excellency Sir George Gipps, on the treatment of Aborigines of New Holland states (when speaking of the difficulty in making reserves of land for the natives) that “there are two sources of mischief" which “mar the most benevolent designs of the natives; the one arising from the ineptitude of the natives to change their desultory habits and learn those of settled industry; the other from the constant inroads of Europeans, to rob corrupt and destroy them." But these two sources of mischief are so far from being obstacles in making reserves that they may be urged as very powerful reasons why such portions of land should be appropriated for their use. For notwithstanding the erratic habits of the natives their strong inclination to indolence and natural dislike to acquire a knowledge of, and to engage in arts of civilized life: yet the transition from their present circumstances to that in which they would be placed on reserves, would be scarcily felt, especially so, when contrasted with the change they must undergo,
if

[Page 80]

if they are attached in small parties to settlers, when they be cut off from their endearing attachments and deprived to a very considerable extent of social intercourse. In regard to the inroads of Europeans, I see no means of preventing these, unless, such reserves are made or the Natives themselves banished from the land of their birth.

His Lordship in the Despatch just referred to, states also, “ It is but too clear that the only effectual remedy for this lamentable evil is an organised force adequate to keep both parties in check, and confine each, to the limits which the Government shall assign. But this remedy is so expensive, and requires so much vigilance, so much temper in every soldier and constable, and the territory to be traversed is so large, that it is after all imperfect" To remove these difficulties and to meet the emergency of every case I would recommend the following simple plan, and I venture to predict that if fifteen percent of the land find were appropriated for the use of the Natives, (being guided in my calculation by the last years revenue) that the temporal and spiritual wants of every native within the territorial limits of Australia Felix would be amply supplied, so far as human agency is necessary.
1st

[Page 81]

117
1st That a reserve of land be made for each important tribe, a part of which ought to be hunting ground.

2d. That a Missionary be appointed to each Station to take the spiritual charge of the natives and to have the general management.

3d. That a respectable person be appointed to take charge of the Temporal department who should also instruct the natives in agricultural and other operations.

4th. That the Establishments be connected with and under the control of one of the Missionary Societies in England. This would secure piety in the principal agents; and the whole would be conducted on the most economical principles.

5th. That abstracts of the accounts, and reports of the progress of the natives &c be made to Government twice a year.

In pursuing the work in this manner it might be advisable to restrain the tribes to the limits of their own territory and prohibit their resorting to the stations of Settlers without permission. This I apprehend might at first be very easily accomplished by the extension of a vigilent and active police who should occasionally visit the stations until the natives were acquainted with the regulations.
In

[Page 82]

In every instance of aggression they should be brought to justice, and slightly punished whether these aggressions be perpetrated on the persons and properties of the Colonists or on their own people, even though they be in the execution of their own barbarous and savage customs. I perfectly agree with the opinion expressed in Capt Grays report on this subject, for the reasons there assigned and that they ought also, to be amenable to British Laws, be allowed to give evidence in Court both when Natives only are concerned and when aggressions are made upon them by Europeans.

That civilization would proceed and in a ratio proportionate to the moral influence of Christian instruction is demonstrable by the universal; concurrence of all historical testimony, whether reference be made to the invariable triumphs of the Gospel, or the universal failure of all merely civilizing schemes. Under discreet management therefore, and by the blessing of Almighty God it might be hoped in process of time, that such would be the proficiency of the natives in industrious pursuits that proper persons in want of labourers might be allowed to hire them on just and equitable terms.

Gelony
Augt. 1st 1841

Alexander Thomson a resident of six years amongst the Aborigines of Australia Felix and formerly Colonial Surgeon of Port Phillip.

[Page 83]

(4) B.I.

119
(Circular)
No.41/4 Council Office Sydney,
12th June 1841.

Sir,

His Excellency the Governor, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

Wm. Ryrie Esq
Melbourne
received 7th August 1841

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have - frequently

[Page 84]

Various numbers – never more than a dozen or fifteen at one time, and only for three or four days continuance. They have been employed in cutting bark, washing sheep, and gathering potatoes when the crop was lifted. When there was any person to overlook them, they finished the work they engaged to perform, but with a good deal of urging.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, what kind, and to what amount?

They have always received food in return for their labour; also tomahawks when cutting bark. – Every day they were employed, they had a large mug of soup made from beef with vegetables in it, and a portion of bread for each, ready for them when they returned from work.

Two or three of the women undertook the cooking of the food, & in the evening before returning to their camp, they received a further reward of a pound of flour and a few ounces of sugar each.

[Page 85]

121
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

The adults are all able to work but are not all alike disposed to do so. Many of them on arriving at a Station are anxious to get employment during their stay, while others would not perform the most trifling piece of work for any remuneration; preferring to go hunting to joining the others in any sort of labour.

Some would willingly remain at the Stations which they have become attached to, and make themselves useful were they allowed to do so by the rest of the Tribe. I consider that their wandering habits, which appear to be guided by those who possess most influence in the Tribe completely prevent their being voluntarily attached to any Establishment in any capacity.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

As they have never remained more than a few days at a time upon my Station, & even then shifted their camps to different parts of it during their stay, I am unable to state any means by which they might be induced to remain in any capacity on an Establishment. –

As some have expressed their great desire to ride on horseback, a few might be made useful as Stock keepers.

[Page 86]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week or month; what do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

The principal work they have done for me has been cutting bark, of which I did not keep any account. The only opportunities I have had of comparing their services with those of Europeans were during sheep washing, at which they assisted well during the first hour, but subsequently flagged in their exertions, and frequently came out of the water to warm themselves at a fire, complaining of the coldness of the water, which was unfelt by the Europeans. They would have taken more than double the time to wash the sheep than the Europeans, if they alone were employed – The method I have invariably pursued to induce them to work, & found to be of most avail, is, to give the promised reward to those only who will work, and on no account to give anything to the idlers.

They have no steady habits of labour, & whatever they undertake is performed by fits & starts, requiring to be urged pretty often to go through with their job, particularly if it should be of three or four hours continuance, as any trifling occurrence that takes place will divert their attention. –

I can form no estimate of their numbers in this neighbourhood, as they merely pay flying visits, and generally are accompanied by natives from other Tribes; - I am consequently unwilling to hazard even a guess concerning the number of the Tribe which belongs to the ‘Yarra Yarra’.

William Ryrie
Yering on the Yarra Yarra
8th July, 1841

[Page 87]

123
(14) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/.

Sir, His Excellency the Governor, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

P.P. King Esq
Port Stephens

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Backs upon your establishment?

[Page 88]

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind and to what amount?

[Page 89]

125

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

[Page 90]

[Page 91]

To Capt P.P. King [indecipherable] managing the affairs of [indecipherable] Company

127
Reply to
Query l. Several native blacks have been employed by the Aust. Agrl. Comps. – but the Company is so situated that the conduct of the natives resident within its influence cannot be fairly comparable to that of other parts of the Colony – One principal reason for which is the absence of Public houses around which the natives congregate and by the prostitution of that [indecipherable] find ready means to procure drink. Another is there being no individual in the immediate neighbourhood of the Companys establishment to interfere with the protection and kindness shewn to the natives by the Companys servants – which thereby no proper an influence over them, that is perhaps known in no other part of the Colony. I allude more particularly to the natives of the “Gloucester" and “Manning" – for those of Stroud and Carrington being nearer to the public houses of the William River and Raymond Terrace are less useful and more inclined to leave any service or work in which they may be engaged.

Throughout the establishment the greatest care is taken to prevent any aggression on the part of the Servants towards the blacks. – This is well known and valued by them – In consequence of this the occasion of ill treatments are very rare – all serious cases are brought before the Police Magistrate whilst the slightest aggression punishment is given by stoppage of indulgences or gratuities as the case may deserve.

2. The number engaged as employed varies very much – Very few can be considered as permanently employed – Three or four have shepherded flocks but little or no [indecipherable] for 6 and 8 years and a few have acted as Constables – and some as domestic servants.

[Page 92]

They are fond of being employed as Stockmen but they do not like the trammels of constant attendance – when disposed to absent themselves they go off without the least consideration or our convenience – or appraising us of their intention. Their absence is frequently long and when they return they resume their employment if permitted, quite as if nothing had happened.

3rd Query. We have now recently engaged two Blacks as Stockmen at eight pounds a year with slops and rations. – How long they will stop with us remains to be seen. It is an experiment worth trying but I have little expectation of its success. – The remuneration generally for blacks is rations, & clothes – and occasional jobs are paid for by tobacco and flour, sugar & tea.

4th Query. I can form no possible opinion of their usefulness principally on account of their volatility and dislike of being expected to be regular in their attendance – for if no dependance can be placed in them they cannot be very useful.

I am of opinion that it will be unavailing to attempt to attach them to the establishment of Settlers except in very rare cases. However well disposed individual blacks may be the other blacks will prevent them remaining long in any one place.

5th. Every inducement has been held out to them to engage in useful occupations for a continuance but generally without success

[Page 93]

129

6. I cannot offer a satisfactory reply to this query I do not think any act of labour is performed by them unless it be pulling in a boat which at Port Stephens I have known them to do for many hours – frequently for 20 to 30 miles a day. As messengers also they are very active and will easily travel 20 miles a day. I do not think they would undertake any work of a laborious character such as digging, carrying weights [indecipherable] If they did they would soon get tired and sneak off.

From a muster of the natives last Christmas when the Company has always given a Feast at each of their stations the numbers are not under the following statement

7. The numbers are difficult to trace but in the neighbourhood of Carrery there may be at 60
Booral – 20
Stroud – 100
Gloster – 130
say 310

There is a considerable extent of country between the AACount East boundary and the Sea Coast from which [indecipherable] of the natives visit the Companys establishments – probably the number may be 150 more certainly not less.

Their character as Labourers may be summed in a few words

Whilst at work they are willing and cheerful but if idly disposed no inducement can prevent their slily walking off – they are impatient of control and require to be coaxed to do anything – If payment is promised and given before the work is completed they will do no more. On the whole – if they were inclined to work they would for pastoral services be most useful to the Settler but from their general character I conceive them to be in a great measure very useless. –

There is a considerable extent of country between the AA Comp East boundary and the Sea Coast East from which few of the natives visit the Company establishments probably the number may be 150 more certainly not less.

As the queries do not relate to their character and disposition [indecipherable] as Pastoral or agricultural Labourers I shall leave the subject without further remark

Philipp P. King Comm.
A.A. b.

[Page 94]

131
Statement shewing the amount of expense incurred in paying native Blacks – the nature of services performed – and the number of Blacks permanently employed.
from 1st January to 31 December 1840

Blacks permanently employed who receive regular rations & clothing.

At sheep Stations 15
“ cattle - 4
“ House – 1
In Boats – 1
As a Constable 1
Total 22.

Amount of Expense incurred in Acct. of Native blacks – being the cost price of Provisions & clothing – and the estimated value of Provisions produced on the Estate.

Sheep Dept Cost of articles supplied £254.1.6
Add say for 10,469
[Rest of statement not transcribed]

The Blacks have 3 bullocks supplied as a Christmas Feast not included in the above.

There were no Blacks upon wages in 1840; but two have commenced on 1st April last at the rate of £10 per year each.

[indecipherable]
Storekeeper

P.P. King [indecipherable]
Commissioner

[Page 95]

133
(13) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office
12 June 184/,

Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have occasionally employed them for a day or two but have never been able to establish them permanently at my farm. They in general show a determined dislike to settled habits of any kind

[Page 96]

Question 2. If such be the case, please to state what numbers you have generally had so engaged; whether you have generally had so engaged; whether they have continued in constant employ; what has been the nature of their occupation; and how have you been satisfied with their assiduity?

I have never been able to employ more than one or two at a time [indecipherable] when bark was taken stripped, when they engaged in greater numbers that period being more constant with their natural habits of [indecipherable]

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

They in general receive either clothes or rations rather than wages as remuneration for their labour generally speaking. I do not think the amount adequate to their services. I have myself been more successful in ever paying them than my neighbours, chiefly because I have made a rule that they should receive allowances proportionate to the value of the work performed.

[Page 97]

135
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of adding them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I have seen a great deal of them in every way and consider it improbable to make them useful labourers. Their love of independence is too great and habits of wandering too strong to admit of it.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I can offer no suggestions on the subject, being convinced that the attempt would be [indecipherable] question whether their condition would be improved by the change.

[Page 98]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week or month; what do you consider their average [indecipherable] as compared with those of Europeans and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

The greatest account of work I have ever known performed by a black was not more [indecipherable] third [indecipherable] would have done in the same space of time.

As Laborers I consider them to have shewn no character as they have been but little employed.

In general perhaps they are idle. [indecipherable] number in every part of the country are limited and are not more than one to ten years [indecipherable]. This calculation extends to the Queanbeyan district.

[Page 99]

137
In other parts of the Colony they are more and in some far less numerous.

Generally speaking I think it myself able to render them useful as labourers. They are aware of the great superiority of civilized life and consider themselves, [indecipherable] their own term, [indecipherable] in comparison with white men, but are so wedded to their own habits, and support themselves with so much ease by the [indecipherable] that they should adopt ours.

I have the honor
to be, Sir
Your most obedient servant.
[indecipherable] Murray

Wm Macpherson Esq

[Page 100]

(15) B.I.

139
(Circular)
No. 41.4 Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet ( with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have

[Page 101]

I have sometimes had as many as Twenty employed at one time and generally have about seven, out of these there is only six on whom I can depend; two of them have been employed regularly as Shepherds for the last twelve months – another for a shorter period, the other is a Boy who has been with me for upwards of two years, the remaining two are young Gins, whom my wife has taken under her care, one of which has been with me upwards of two years, the other not quite so long, none of them show any inclination to join the tribe, in their excursions, more particularly the two last mentioned, who have often been threatened if they did not join the Tribe, but to which they testify the utmost reluctance.

The principal way in which I have found them useful, is in washing sheep stripping bark [indecipherable] shepherding – I may likewise mention that there are others who would stop with me, if I could find any other occupation for them except Shepherding which many dislike, in every case in which I have employed them I have been well satisfied with their assiduity.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, what kind, and to what amount?

I have never been in the habit of giving them any wages, or any other remuneration, but their rations, and a little woollen clothing during the cold weather –

[Page 102]

141
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hire servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

From the experience I have had amongst them I am of opinion that they might be made useful and attach themselves to Stations, only for the inroads which other Tribes are constantly making which keeps them in a constant state of alarm and seems to me the principal cause of their wandering habits, until this is put a stop to and so long as they are permitted to fight their own battles, and kill those who are domesticated which is a frequent occurrence, they can never be got in any numbers as shepherds –

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

By kind treatment on the part of the Settlers, taking care that those they have employed are kept as much as possible separate from the European’s Servants, who look upon them with jealousy, and treat them harshly – if they were taught to apply to the Commissioners of the district for redress of any depredation committed by other Tribes, and those who take the law into their own hands severely punished they would no longer have the same inducement to wander about.

[Page 103]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week, or month; what do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

I have known some of them to strip forty sheets of Bark in a day – reap three acres of wheat per week & assist in fencing & - and in all cases in which I have employed them, I have found them very little inferior to the assigned servants and by occasionly giving them a few articles of clothing they will exert themselves to the utmost.

As Labourers they are rather slothfull, but when employed for any length of time, it gradually wears of, as it is only the natural results of their habits – From the point where the Port Phillip road crosses the Murrimbidgee, for fifty miles down and twenty back, the aboriginal population does not much exceed one hundred, of which not more than forty five are males above the age of puberty.

I have the honor to remain
Sir,
Your most hum. Serv.
John Peter

Post mark
Yass 24 July 1841

[Page 104]

(10) B.I.

(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/.

143
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

J.N. Passmore Esq

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yes. In 1838 I had about 15 natives employed sheep washing – Since then, two have at different periods been employed taking care of Horses, say for 3 or 4 months at each time, & one for a short time as shepherd.

[Page 105]

This is answered in part in my reply to Question 1 – in answer to the latter part, I cannot say I was satisfied with the manner the work was performed.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

Yes. – The usual ration given to my free hired servants, has always been allowed to the Natives when at work; amp; in addition, Tobacco, Blankets & Slops: in many cases making their labor cost 10/- . Ten shillings each weekly extra. -

[Page 106]

145
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I consider that altho they may be for a time usefully employed in some light occupation which from its novelty, conveys to their minds pleasure, rather than the means of gaining a livelihood such as riding after stock (horses particularly); yet, with the present generation, it is impossible to count upon their [indecipherable] permanently at any Establishment for as soon as the novelty in their [indecipherable] condition wears off, they invariably return to the roving life they have been accustomed to, returning only at uncertain [indecipherable] when hunger, or the caprice of the moment may direct them.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I have already stated that I consider it impossible to work any useful reform in the Adult Natives. Some good might be effected among the rising generation, by the formation in the Interior, of an Establishment similar in its working, to that proposed by Mr Robert Osman for the benefit of the lower orders of the Mother Country. – Such an Establishment would require a Clergyman & several strictly moral Artisans [indecipherable] for the purpose of teaching the Natives their various trades. The profits arising from the sale of the various articles produced at the Establishment, should be equitably divided among those who assisted in bringing the articles into a marketable condition – Small grants of land might be offered as [indecipherable] to the natives for good conduct. They should be encouraged to take an interest in Agriculture – and having once made the native feel the comforts of a home & that he has some property at stake - I think he would soon lose his taste for a precarious living in the bush. Religion would in the meanwhile be gradually instilled into their minds, but force or restraint of any kind should be avoided as much as possible. It would be absolutely necessary to forbid the white population from approaching within a certain number of miles of the proposed Establishment as it is, I believe but too well authenticated that while the natives are slow enough in acquiring the useful qualities of the Convict population with which they are surrounded; they shew great aptness in picking up all their vices

[Page 107]

With regard to the first part of this question it will be seen by my replies to Questions 1 & 2, that I cannot satisfactorily answer the point: comparing their work with that of Europeans – I should say one of the latter was fully equal to Ten of the Aborigines – The plan I adopt to induce them to exert themselves, is never to give them (even their rations) until the work for which they have contracted is completed; or they invariable sleep and smoke the time away instead of working.

They are indolent, and cunning – The former inherent much of the latter acquired from mixing with the convicts. – It is difficult to form an estimate of their numbers – perhaps 200 – I speak of the tribes of Molong, Borea & Billibong.

Molong 19th July 1841
J.N.D. Pasmore

[Page 108]

147
(11) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4
Council Office Sydney
12 June 1841/.

Sir,

His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have been in the habit of employing the Black Natives upon my establishment from June 1836 up to the present time. They assisted me in 1836 to build a Bridge over the Marraboul River – This was the first Bridge erected in Port Philip

[Page 109]

During the years 1837-1838 and part of 1839 I had them employed in numbers varying from three to twenty - Three lads have continued to be employed on my establishment up to the present time with an occasional absence of a few days when they generally inform me of their intention – In 1839 I did not find them so well disposed or willing to work – In 1838 I had them employed as shepherds – One man continues that duty for 3 months in succession, others were employed assisting to clear land for cultivation and fencing I employed them at this early period not with any view to profit but to conciliate them being convinced from my experience in Van Diemans Land that if not brought to habits of usefulness they would ultimately be exterminated.

I have been perfectly satisfied with the assiduity of many of them – Perhaps there is as much difference in them as among white people –

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

I have made it a rule not to give them money from an idea that it would be improperly used by them in their present condition. Those who have only worked occasionally with me I have remunerated with Flour Rice and sugar, and those who continued at their work with clothing Blankets Knives and Tomahawks – The lads who have so long remained with, and I believe are attached to me – I supply with food and clothing regularly Their clothing may cost about £5 per annum and their food varying little from that of Europeans about £20 per annum – In this manner I have expended from 1836 to the present time 3 ½ Tons flour 100 Pairs of Blankets besides clothing knives Tomahawks Rice sugar &c.

[Page 110]

149
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Generally speaking I think them well disposed and in point of capacity not inferior the Europeans of their usefulness there can be no doubt, Under judicious management I am of opinion they might be induced to attach themselves to settlers. Their tastes for occupation vary much in the same manner as White people -

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

There will doubtless be much difficulty in accomplishing these most desirable object, yet I am not inclined to consider it impracticable – Very much will depend upon the persons under whose arrangement this important measure may be attempted – In the first place I beg to suggest the propriety of making a small reserve of land for each Tribe and I am induced to believe that if a small Hut and piece of this land with Blankets [indecipherable] cooking utensils and implements for the cultivation of Potatoes and other vegetables (nothing to be removed therefrom) were allotted to each family with a moderate supply of provisions judiciously issued, many would be induced to locate themselves. Thus a village could be formed where there labour would be useful and available to the White population, some would in a short time be induced to hire themselves (under the guidance of the person placed in charge of the village or settlement) to the settlers in different occupations – In no case should two Tribes be encouraged to meld, they have always some injury fancied or real to avenge, and Bloodshed is commonly the result of such meetings This I consider to be one great cause of the failure of all the attempts hitherto made for their civilization -

[Page 111]

As stockkeepers and even shepherds when they can be induced to remain, their labour is little inferior to the generality of our uninstructed European servants. At laborious employment such as cutting timber with a cross cut saw or an axe I have known some of them perform in one day as much labour as the above named class of servants, but on an average perhaps not more than one half that quantity – To induce them to exert themselves I have found it necessary to provide a Hut and Blankets for them with a regular, though not over abundant supply of food at the three usual meal times.

I consider them perfectly honest towards their employers – I do not consider them generally industrious, though I know of some exceptions, I have found them quite tractable under kind and humane treatment with proper firmness – and I can bear testimony to their gratitude – I have not at this moment an opportunity of forming a correct estimate of their numbers – That portion of the County of Grant commencing at the Wairaby River and extending 30 miles West of Geelong Township may probably contain about 140 men women and children I beg to observe that it is of these Tribes only I am enabled to speak

Wm Roadknight
South Geelong
July 19th 1841

[Page 112]

(9) B.I.
(circular) Council Office Sydney
No 41/4 12 June 184/.

151
Sir,

His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies may be written on this sheet ( with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yes

[Page 113]

The greatest number at any time has been 14 Males, who have continued for three & four months at a time. These were principally engaged in shepherding, at which work I have found them as efficient as White Men

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

At shepherding I allow them one shilling a day, and as much rations as they & their wives & [indecipherable] consume

I have known them to earn £3 in 2 months besides being amply supplied with food

[Page 114]

153
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Owing to their independent spirit and love of a wandering life, acquired before their knowledge of White people I fear the difficulty of turning the present generation to permanent useful purposes, would be great as I have known them to leave their work in the most [indecipherable] time and go off into the Bush to attend meetings of their Castes &c.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I fear there would be little use in attempting it with the present race of adults from the reasons above stated But I am of the opinion that the younger [indecipherable] if properly trained to agricultural pursuits &c. at [indecipherable] could in time be made useful members of society, as I know from experience that after associating for any time with Whites, (when young) their ideas and natural habits become quite changed.

[Page 115]

One shilling p day is the highest wages I have known them to get, in many instances their services are fully equal to those of Europeans tho the majority are the contrary.

Kindness of treatment and placing them as much as possible on an equal footing with Yourself are what induce them to exert themselves most readily, as they look down with the greatest distain on convicts perfectly understanding the cause of their infirm condition , that are alas [indecipherable] aware of the great disadvantages they labor under in a Court of Justice and in case of dispute the difficulty of exercising wages due to them, owing to their evidence not being available.

7th
They are too unsteady a race of people to engage in any permanent employment but when they give their mind they are good laborers.

I calculate their numbers from Wellington, along the Macquarie to Mt. Harris as about 1000 [indecipherable] women & children

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obt servant
J.L [indecipherable] Phelps

Wellington
16 July 1841

[Page 116]

(8) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/

155
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Mr. Benjamin Barber
Hume River
Yass

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yesave H

[Page 117]

Various numbers as they occasionally visit the station, one Boy about fourteen years old has been in my service for two years attending cattle and in very few instances has lost any he has also been on the road with the team and was very useful to track Bullocks when they where lost, or driving Cattle or Sheep up & down the Country others have also been engaged & performed this duty faithfully others have been entrusted with flocks of sheep, but their stay never exceeds a few weeks, in one instance I have had a black for three months to attend a flock of sheep as well as a white man.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind and to what amount?

We pay them with sundry articles of food & clothing which seems to satisfy them best as they do not know the value of money, If they stay for a month or two they are satisfied with these articles & for Blanket when they leave which must be promised beforehand as a reward for their good conduct, & on no account to disapoint them of it

[Page 118]

157
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

In some instances they are truly useful (for instance) for cutting bark, at the season of washing & shearing sheep to [indecipherable] to work; to attach them to a place would be impossible, although they frequent those stations most where they are best fed, if they could be induced to leave their tribes & Indented to a kind & humane master in some distant past of the Colony they would make faithful servants, the only way this could be affected would be to persuade them to volunteer their services, and to obtain permission from the other blacks, otherwise it would cause discontent & perhaps bloodshed They are best adapted for shepherds & stockmen as they are averse to hard labor.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

The only means that I can suggest would be for the settlers to feed them well; also to endeavour to reconcile those white people who are averse to them, as the nearer they allud to them, the nearer they approach to civilization, also to distribute them to the settlers that each may have their homes & for the settler not to encourage each others blacks if they leave the stations. By giving a plate induces them to stay at a station & they ever afterwards designate the giver as their master

[Page 119]

I have had one black in my service for three months attending a flock of sheep during the time his services where equally valuable to a European, at washing sheep I consider two Blacks equal to one white man for minding sheep for which they are best adapted if they can be induced to do so their services would be equally valuable as Europeans, by promising them a blanket or a plate and to treat them kindly attaches them to their masters and while they will stay they can always be made useful in some way

They are not disposed to continue at any kind of labor for more than a few hours in a day; to expect them to stay at one kind of labor would be impossible, there are three distinct tribes in this neighborhood, the Hume or Uradqerry & the Weiro or Ovens the Unangan, or lower Hume consisting of about Two hundred in each Tribe, The Hume blacks are the most civilized and approach the Huts without fear, we are in the centre of these tribes & they [indecipherable] a country of about 100 square miles.

[Page 120]

5)
159
To conclude it is much to be wished that a person should be apointed who would endeavour to organize the system in each district and to protect them from any opression, a person in the character of a Missionary, or Chatachist, would be preferred. would instruct the whites, & endeavour to cultivate their morals; as well as their Sable Brethern; as it is certain there is a deficiency on their part, in moral intelect as well as the Blacks we might then hope to see them make themselves useful but they have an example of nothing but vice before them from people of our own caste, our own Countrymen are in a sad state of moral discipline as they have no idea of Religion it appears to be entirely forgotten, Therefore when we are better men we shall be better disposed to these unfortunate beings

I have the honor to be
Gentlemen
Your most Obt St
Benjn Barber

Hume River
16 July 1841

[Page 121]

(12) B.I.
(Circular)
No.141/4 Council Office, Sydney.
12 June 184/

161
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

John Rae Esq
Canana Mannas Country
Hume River by Yass –
Received 7th August 1841

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have been constantly in the habit of employing the Native Blacks upon the different Establishments under my Superintendence,

[Page 122]

I have generally one, or two, who remained a great portion of their time on the Station I have always found them most useful and willing to do anything (in their Power) that I required them. I have frequently employed them in searching after stray cattle or horses and have been much pleased with the way in which they did their business and the care they took of their Horses, They are particularly fond of riding and it is my opinion (if properly trained) they would make most excellent and careful stockkeeper’s. In such pursuits I have found them shrewd and intelligent.

I have [indecipherable] frequently seen natives stripping bark for roofing huts etc and have always found them most willing to get me any quantity required.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

The remuneration for their labour in a great measure depends on the distance from a Township or Store, when near either of the above they soon know the value of money and expect and ask for some trifling sum . In the Mannas Country money is of no value to them and I usually pay them with some article of clothing or a Blanket & Tomahawk & according to the quantity of work they do I always give them rations when at work and have their meals cooked for them. They have no care beyond the present and I have known them make away with a weeks rations in one day, I have had one or two on regular rations but found it impossible to make them use anything like economy and I have discontinued giving rations to them.

[Page 123]

163
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

From my knowledge of their disposition and some of change, I think it next to an impossibility to employ them as shepherds or labourers in sufficient numbers to allow the settlers to feel the benefit of their labor.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

It has frequently come under my observation that when a native black has been trained on a station for any length of time the Tribe to which he belongs use every means in their power to induce him to leave and in the event of his not doing so, I have known instances in which his life was in danger until he did leave. I cannot assign a reason for this. It also appears to me, wherever I have been that there is a very bad feeling towards the blacks prevailing in the minds of the assigned servants and the labourers generally. The Blacks are often badly treated by this class of persons who get them to do some work under a promise of a reward and when the reward is earned they are driven away without receiving and such treatment the Blacks do not forget and the character of business they have acquired is I think in a great measure to be attributed to their unwillingness to be a second time imposed upon. They never forget a promise made to them and if broken they will never again trust that person.

I have frequently seen the natives remain contentedly and work well when away from their own part of the country and not under the control of their own Tribe.

[Page 124]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labor which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week, or month; what do you consider their averages services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

It is impossible to form an estimate of their services as compared with Europeans. The usual work of each being so very different However in any work they have been accustomed to I think their services would be of value.

In stripping bark I consider one native can do as much as two Europeans. They generally stripped for me ten sheets each per day I have known them strip so many as fifteen sheets per day. The sheets average generally six feet long and four feet wide.

As stockmen I consider an intelligent Black very little inferior to a European by entertaining some degree of Education amongst them have found them exert themselves exceedingly well

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers so far as you can form an estimate in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

The farm labourers or shepherds I do not think they can be induced to remain. Their love of changes is so great that no reward could induce them to remain a single day longer than it suited their own convenience as Stockman I think they can be readily induced to remain for some time but they are to wedded to their wandering life that I think when the novelty of that pursuit has worn off they would leave. The Tribe that usually frequent this part of the district amount to about forty five men women & children. They [indecipherable] at least 20 miles south to the Hume River and 60 miles [indecipherable]

[Page 125]

Bugong Mountains [indecipherable] 16 miles towards [indecipherable] station and East about 20 miles towards the Head of the Hume River.

John Rae
Cunanah Mannas
20th July 1841

[Page 126]

(17) B.I.
(Circular) No 41/4
Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/

165
Sir, His Excellency the Governor, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

Thos. B. Wilson Esq
Braidwood

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Ever since I became a Settler in the interior (upwards of five years ago) I have been in the habit of employing the aboriginal natives; more so, perhaps than any other [indecipherable] of his [indecipherable]

[Page 127]

I have had occasionally upwards of 50 men women & children on the farm; - from twelve to twenty at work

None of them ever continued in constant employment; - It is in vain to expect that any of them will do so; - The Aborigines have chiefly been employed by me in clearing land & in this way they have rendered me some benefit but I was obliged to be constantly with them as so soon as I left working so did they. – They have also been of service during sheep washing & very rarely during harvest. They are occasionally very useful as stockman; -

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

All the Aborigines employed by me have always had rations given to them in the same manner & proportion as [indecipherable] to my hired & assigned servants; - The Chief usually came to the stores & witnessed the giving of the laborers; according to the fixed scale. They were also supplied with slop clothing, tea, sugar & tobacco – but I never gave them any money being aware that they would put it to an improper use –

[Page 128]

167
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I have gained some knowledge of the disposition & capacity of the aboriginal natives of New Holland from an uninterrupted friendly intercourse with them ([indecipherable] on the North-West- South & East coasts) for upwards of twenty years, as is known to several Honble Members of Council; - & the conclusion I have come to is – that the present race of Aborigines will never be generally useful & that it is improbable to attach even the most civilized of them regularly to any establishment (however well regulated) in any capacity whatsoever. They may be (as they have been) occasionally useful as Stockmen & [indecipherable] – but they are totally useless as farm servants or shepherds; any attempt to employ them especially in the latter capacity would only end in [indecipherable]

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above or in any other useful occupations?

On this subject a firm [indecipherable] might easily informed; but as no good practical result would follow, [indecipherable] on the question which I consider a problem, not yet nor never likely to being satisfactorily solved

[Page 129]

I cannot accurately answer this question but I may state in general terms, that the amount of [indecipherable] labour of the Aborigines falls far short of that of the Europeans –

I may here observe that in answer to P2 I have stated that none of the natives have continued in constant employment; - I should state one exception – The aborigine [indecipherable] (son of the Chief of the [indecipherable]) remained with me upwards of two years; - he was latterly employed in the kitchen & to wait at table – in which latter capacity he acted when His Lordship the Bishop of Australia [indecipherable] me the honor of a visit; - I certainly thought that he was average but after having obtained possession of a new suit of clothes & [indecipherable] & the next time I saw Mumdilly, he was (perhaps more becomingly) [indecipherable] as a savage Chief – he evidently preferred a previous existence perfectly [indecipherable]

An inviable antipathy to any regular & continued labour however [indecipherable] I consider to be one of the principal features in the character of the Aborigine; & that in consequence they are not, nor ever will be of any real use to the Settler;

In this district the aborigines are rapidly diminishing. The births, from sufficiently obvious causes becoming a very small proportion to the deaths & I am of opinion that in a very few years the aboriginal race will entirely disappear.

The present native population of this district does not I am certain exceed fifty although I believe upwards of 200 blankets are yet supplied. In their [indecipherable] & economy this is deserving of [indecipherable]

Altho this subject could easily be [indecipherable] to [indecipherable] I shall conclude by observing that from the [indecipherable] of Bennelong to the present time the manners of the aborigines have not changed nor

[Page 130]

are they likely to changed & that the Committee therefore in devising means for obtaining colonial labour, ought to leave the aboriginal inhabitants of New Holland altogether out the question; -

I have the honor
to be , Sir
your most obed
humble serv.

J Wilmot
J.P.

Wm Macpherson
[indecipherable]
Clerk of Councils

[Page 131]

(16) B.I.

(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/.

171
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yes

[Page 132]

Have had four native youths employed at different periods one remained one year assisting among cattle and then deserted me. Other remained for a period of Three years and then left returning occasionally, as best his own inclination. The 3rd remained about 4 year at different employments, then joined his tribe he also returns when asked to assist in collecting cattle or any light employment. But will not remain in our [indecipherable] & in 8 weeks at one time. The 4th has been in my employ about 10 years, never leaving for that time except for a night or so when his tribe happened to be in the neighbourhood, he is usually employed as shepherd or Stockmans assistant.

The services of those spoken of has not been of much value to me there has been a great want of diligence and activity shown, their services could not be depended for the day if put to laborious employment. They are constantly idle, even when most required to act.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

The principal remuneration they receive is clothes and food. Whey with the exception of one or two know not the value of money and unless supplied with clothes when applied for they become dissatisfied, sulky and lazy & will refuse to work. The generality of them require more remuneration than their services are worth

[Page 133]

173
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I am of opinion that it is impossible to attach them to an Establishment so as to make certain of a continuance of their services. They will not adhere to any agreement if it interferes with their habits of wandering when they wish. During my experience (now 16 years) of their manners, habits and customs, [indecipherable] preclude the possibility of making them useful. Lads from 6 years to 10 years are the only ones that possibly can be persuaded to stay. But upon arriving at the age of manhood, they join their tribe. As stockmen and shepherds only will they answer

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I have offered every inducement to the men, to give up their children to me But they have no control over them, and it rests with the child itself, But in very few instances can they be persuaded to leave their parents. This is the only suggestion I could offer, to get the children from the parents and have them to work from their infancy

[Page 134]

I have not known an instance of a Black fellow performing laborious work for even one day – One European would do as much laborious work in one day as (4) Black fellows. Nothing would induce the married men to work, unless cutting bark or sheep washing, and at the latter work they cannot remain in the water more than half the time a European can. (if the day is at all cold), Food and clothing is the only inducement for the young men to stay –

They are to lazy and idle, when asked to perform work which requires manual exertion will immediately leave your Establishment. The number in this district known as the Murrumbidgee district I conceive it to be about – 400

George Shelley
of [indecipherable]

Post mark
Yass 24 July 1841

[Page 135]

(18) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/.

175
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have.

[Page 136]

I have frequently employed five or six of the Youth on my Establishment at light work such as driving bullocks, planting potatoes, and shepherding. They do their work well, but do not generally remain constant at it. – In a few instances they have shepherding for me for three or four months without a fault and in these instances I have found that they did not leave from their own inclination but were compelled to do so by their tribe.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so of what kind, and to what amount?

I have always given them food, clothes, or tobacco for their labour – they expect to be so remunerated.

[Page 137]

177
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I consider that they have sufficient capacity to render them useful to the Settler in almost every branch of a pastoral Establishment but so great is the attachments of each to his Tribe and of the tribe to its locality & habits that I do not think it possible to attach them regularly to it in their present state then civilization to a great extent must first be effected.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I am of opinion that the Youth only, could be worked upon to advantage avoiding coercive measures – I cannot suggest any more feasible means for their for their civilization than that of Institutions – in which Industry may be made the groundwork of it – extensively spread throughout the Colony, and conducted by practical men, under the inspection of the Commissioner of the district. I do not think it out of place to remark here, that I consider the Estab.t of Protectors to the Aborigines to be unattended with the slightest beneficial result either to the natives or the Colony, and therefore a useless and extravagant waste of monies which has caused great dissatisfaction in every District I am acquainted with.

[Page 138]

They are invariably so unsteady at laborious work that I cannot judge of the amount they might perform, At light work such as I have described I have often known them perform as much as an European – A promised reward of food or clothes is the only means I have ever used to induce them to exert themselves.

I consider them apt to learn, and clever at work – Trustworthy when Property is put into their charge - submissive and easily taught obedience, & respect, but on the whole naturaly inclined to indolence. I estimate the number in my immediate neighbourhood (Lake Colac) to be about thirty five – In a circumference of 20 miles from that point I consider there are about three hundred.

Hugh Murray
Lake Colac

[Page 139]

(19) B.I.
(Circular)
No.41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/.

179
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Alexr. F. Mollison Esq
Melbourne
received 7th August 1841

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Occasionally.

[Page 140]

I have had four lads at different times. They were employed only in bringing in horses from the run and in errands. They remained a few weeks and then returned to their tribes.

I have frequently employed the natives in stripping bark, in assisting to drive sheep and as guides. They were very soon tired of even this light & desultory employment.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

Food and tobacco while employed and occasionally clothes.

[Page 141]

181
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishment of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

I have known only one aboriginal native permanently employed. He was a shepherd and did his duty steadily and judiciously for more than a year.

I believe them to be quite capable of acting as shepherds, bullock drivers or assistant stockmen but I do not think that the adults will ever generally become domiciled as servants in any employment.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I conceive that we must first learn their language more perfectly or teach them ours, before we can hope to effect any great change in their habits. I would further suggest that the orphan male children (whom the tribes readily give up) should be interchangeably removed two hundred miles from their tribes and apprenticed to settlers; also any other boys not orphans whom their parents would consent to part with.

[Page 142]

[This question left blank]

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers, as far as you can form an estimate in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

The tribe inhabiting the country in which my stations are placed are called the ‘Jajourongs’ I do not know their numbers. I have not seen more than fifteen adult males, but believe them to be much more numerous.

I do not believe that (even with the best management) a sufficient number of aboriginal natives will ever be trained as shepherds or farm laborers to make any sensible impression on the demand for labor.

Alex F. Mollison
Port Phillip
July 24 [indecipherable]

[Page 143]

B.1.
(Circular) Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/.
No. 41/4

Sir,

His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Occasionally as Guides in Travelling.

[Page 144]

From ten to twenty; While they remained with me, I have been satisfied with their conduct, but I have known them commit, robbery and murder immediately afterward.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind and to what amount?

They have always looked for payment at the end of my journey which I have invariably given them, in food, tobacco & clothes – giving to each man a suit and a Blanket.

[Page 145]

185
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

When they have fallen into the hands of Europeans at an early age, they have frequently become good Stockkeepers and Shepherds, as well as tolerable House Servants. They have been usually well fed and clothed by their Masters. It has not been customary to give them Wages, though I have known them highly gratified by the receipt of money.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

If such natives as I have above referred to, could be prevailed upon to go amongst the Wild Tribes, and which I think they might be, by means of rewards, I am of opinion, that numbers of all ages would come in, which might lead to the Civilization of some few of them. I very much desire an opportunity of making this experiment.

[Page 146]

I have had no opportunity of judging but if anything could induce them to work, Tomahawks, Small axes, and Clothes would. By means of Tomahawks and axes they would be enabled to procure a living without resorting to robbery.

I cannot yet form any correct opinion of their numbers. Those I have seen of the Wild Tribes are lively, intelligent and contented, so long as they are well fed, and encouraged in idleness, but the moment they are required to work, however easy of performance the task may be, they take their departure.

[indecipherable]

[Page 147]

(6) B.I.
(Circular)
No. 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/

187

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Yes.

[Page 148]

I have employ’d six native blacks (occasionally) to assist my Stockmen – both for Horses and Cattle also – to assist my Bullock Drivers – and have invariably been satisfied with their conduct

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

I have allowed them a sufficiency of cloathing food and Tobacco -

[Page 149]

189
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

From my experience of the disposition and propensities of the Aboriginal natives of this District I am led to believe – that the present generation will be of very little service – either as shepherds or Farm laborers – there is however a possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers in the capacity of hir’d servants

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

The suggestion I have to offer is – that any aboriginal native who may be dispos’d to live or engage for any time or period – be consider’d beyond the control or authority of the Elders and Chiefs of the District or Districts to which he or she may be subject – otherwise – whatever kindness may be evinc’d towards them – or – however they may become attached to any Family or Establishment – yet, so long as their native Rulers are allow’d to exercise an unjust influence over them – will they be valueless to the Community – and so long will all your efforts to render them a permanent benefit be fruitless

[Page 150]

Respecting the amount of labour perform’d – and their average services as compared with Europeans – I must leave others to determine – who have seen them work – I believe they will be most likely to exert themselves in assisting at sheep washing – Bullock driving and stock keeping – for cattle and horses –

My opinion of their prevailing character and disposition as Labourers – is – that they are indolent, and prone to wander – their numbers seem to be fast decreasing as I cannot muster above four or five who really belong to the immediate neighbourhood in which I reside

[indecipherable] Rouse

Gunterwang near Mudgee
9 July 1841

[Page 151]

(5) B.I.
(Circular)
Council Office, Sydney
12th June, 184/.
No. 41/4

191
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Answer – I have both here and at my out stations on the Castlereagh River -

[Page 152]

I have had a native of the Country on the Castlereagh River, living here for upwards of Two years. –

He has assisted in Milking Cows – riding after cattle – or Horses & accompanies me on any journeys I have occasion to make to my stations –

There are usually 4 or 5 at my breeding herd on that River – They milk the cows – bringing them home in the Evening & generally remain on the spot – performing many services which it would be almost impossible now to get White people to do –

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind and to what amount?

Those who have been employed about the Stations get Milk – Flour – Meat – occasionally Tobacco Tea & Sugar – generally speaking they get all the food they require, while they remain.

Their services are very valuable – Looking up stray Cattle - & breaking in Heifers to milk &

To the young man (about 18) who has lived with me two years – I give all the cloathes he requires of the same quality as are used by the Free [indecipherable] – He gets his food with the other servants in the Kitchen - & I have branded Two of my best 3 year old Heifers for him –

I allow him £10 a year as wages –

[Page 153]

193

Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

Their services are most valuable & highly useful – their capacity is equal to the care of any kind of stock – Their
dispositions are good – but susceptible of fits of passion & sullenness – which however soon wear of - they seem fickle &am; sometimes appear to act from motives or impulses which are not easy to account for satisfactorily, from any analogy our own feelings or sympathies enable us to apply. –

Kindness & justice in our dealings with them, will attach them to the Service of a Settler – they would however I think occasionally break their engagements – more frequently at first from their imperfect knowledge of the native of a mutual contract – tho’ after a time, & they became acquainted with their advantages, & that they were protected by authority and considered as being hired and receiving their Rations and Wages in the same manner as white men – they would in all probability remain and be regular at light work particularly amongst stock – Riding – and in many cases would ~~probably~~ follow a Flock of Sheep –

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I would suggest that the terms on which they are hired should be registered – and their wages or live stock accounted for to some authorized individual or body – They would themselves either dissipate or be cheated of their earnings –

In some cases the White people of the town classes would view them with – and they would be exposed to – the effects of their jealousy – as competitors in the labour market –

I cannot say I think any plan, to ameliorate their hard fate – and make them useful to the Settler – could be devised that would not be surrounded with many difficulties – for a time – from the very different relative positions in which we have heretofore stood towards each other: - Those who have been longest in contact with the White population are the least useful - & have adopted our vices.

[Page 154]

I can only state generally that the quantity of labour they perform when at work – is small – indeed they have never come under my notice as labourers for more than an hour or two at a time in Harvest: - hard work is not their [indecipherable] – but riding – driving cattle – going out on journeys etc.

They like uncontrolled liberty and freedom – amongst themselves they appear to have few restraints – they are acute – intelligent and shrewd - & well disposed – in short it is impossible, that Europeans taking possession of a country - & living amongst the Aboriginal Inhabitants of it – could maintain a better footing than for many years past, has been done in this part – and also on the Castlereagh River, since stock was first taken out there – We have abridged all their natural sources of existence - & they appear satisfied to remain in exchange for services occasionally rendered us, our food –

In their immediate neighbourhood – that is, the country from the Northern borders of Argyle - by the Abercromby river to Bathurst Plains ( not including the Bathurst Tribe) & from thence to Capete I suppose there are not above 40 or 50 of both sexes & all ages – their numbers I think have diminished since I first came to this part in 1823 – ‘Though they are occasionally seen intoxicated & resort too frequently to the neighbourhoods of Public Houses – they have not abandoned their natural mode of procuring food - & still continue but, place their chief; dependance for a supply on hunting –

James Walker J.P.
Wallerowang 8 July 1841

[Page 155]

7 B.I.
(Circular) B.I.
No 41/4 Council Office, Sydney
12 June 184/.

195
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council, on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of this Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request, that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir
Your most obedient humble servant
Wm. Macpherson
Clerk of Councils

J.B. Boulton Esq
[indecipherable]

Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

I have

[Page 156]

I have never had more than three and never succeeded in keeping them, on the Establishment, for a longer period than three weeks at any one time. I have never been able to get them to do more than assist in washing sheep or cutting Bark for two or three hours they work very well, but after that they are of little or no use.

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

When employed cutting Bark, they are paid in Rations, but during the shearing I pay them 6/- for work & allow them 12lbs Flour, 15lbs Meat – 6 oz; Tea – 4lbs Sugar & ½ lb Colonial Tobacco per week

[Page 157]

197
Question 4. From your experience of their disposition and capacity, what opinion have you been led to form of their usefulness; and also as to the possibility of attaching them regularly to the Establishments of Settlers, in the capacity of hired servants; whether as shepherds or farm laborers?

They are very useful in tracking lost sheep, cattle & horses, also as I before stated in cutting bark and assisting in washing sheep – I do not think it possible to attach them regularly to Establishments, as generally speaking they seldom remain longer than a week or ten days in one place! I have repeatedly tried to engage them as Shepherds, and offered £25 [indecipherable] and rations to them, but have not been able to get one to stay with me. As Laborers they would not in my opinion be worth their Rations they are so excessively indolent.

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I believe the Settlers have tried every means to induce them to work, but with very little success – I do not see the slightest possibility of inducing the Adults to engage in any useful occupation but I have every reason to believe that if Schools were established for the Education of the Aboriginal Native children that they would in a few years in some measure supply the demands for Laborers to be of great benefit to the Colony

[Page 158]

Question 6. Please to state the amount of labour which you have known any of them accomplish, by the day, week, or month; what do you consider their average services as compared with those of Europeans; and in what manner may they be most readily induced to exert themselves?

I have never known one of them to do a day’s work – I consider a European ‘s Labour per day to be equal to what it would take four Natives to do – They are not at all adapted for hard work, & the only way they could become of any real benefit to the Settler, would be in following Sheep, if they could be induced to give up their wandering habits!

Question 7. What do you consider to be their prevailing character and disposition as Laborers; and what are their numbers, so far as you can form an estimate in your immediate neighbourhood; describing the limits to which your calculation extends?

As I before stated, they are too indolent to become of any real use as Laborers! I need only add they are too indolent to grind Wheat, when it is given them.

I only know of two instances, of their staying for any length of time on an Establishment – and these men at times take the Bush & remain away for a month or six weeks, no dependence can be placed in their staying

[Page 159]

This bears no signature – but from the writing & the opinions of the writer I judged it to be from Mr T A. Murray from whom there is [indecipherable]

B.I.
(Circular) No41/4
Council Office, Sydney
12th June 184/.

199
Sir,
His Excellency the GOVERNOR, in his opening Address to the Legislative Council on the 8th Instant, having suggested the possibility of having recourse to the services of the Aboriginal Natives of the Colony, with a view in some measure to supply the prevailing want of Laborers in all Agricultural and Pastoral operations, the Committee which has been re-appointed by the Legislative Council, to consider and report upon the subject of Immigration, are desirous of obtaining such information as to the practical success which has attended the employment of the Aboriginal Natives, as may enable them to decide how far the same may be feasible upon a more extended scale.

I am therefore directed to request that you will have the goodness to reply, at your earliest convenience, to the following questions, for the information of the Committee, and to enable them to report their opinion to the Governor and Council upon this highly important subject; your replies to be written on this sheet (with the addition of more sheets if necessary) and returned under cover to me.

I have the honor to be,
Sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
Wm Macpherson
Clerk of Councils.

199
Question 1. Have you been in the habit of employing any of the Native Blacks upon your Establishment?

Occasionally

[Page 160]

I once employed two natives (whom I knew to be less inclined to wander than the rest) as Shepherds, they remained in that capacity, and were very attentive for about three months, when they were compelled to leave thro’ constant threats from the other Blacks – I frequently employ them for four or five days at a time in stripping Bark from the Trees, at which work they are very active, and useful –

Question 3. Have they been accustomed to receive wages, or other remuneration for their labor; and if so, of what kind, and to what amount?

I generally pay them with clothing and allow them as much as they can eat, also supply them with Tobacco, which they value more than any other thing you could give them. As regards money, very few of them known the value of it – as some as it is known to the European servants that the Natives are possessed of money, they manage to get it from them for about one tenth part of its value -

[Page 161]

201

I have had an opportunity for the last seven years of judging of their habits, and dispositions, an am decidedly of opinion that the Settlers will never be able to obtain any more benefit from the natives than they do at present, the only instances I have known of their becoming really useful, was by taking them from their districts when young, and not allowing them to have any communication with the blacks after – unless that is done, the case is very rare indeed when you can induce them to work for you more than three or four days at one time – during the late scarcity of labor I am sure every means has been resorted to, with a view of putting them to work, but without success

Question 5. Can you offer any suggestion as to the means by which they may be more readily induced to engage in the above, or in any other useful occupations?

I am of opinion that no persuasion would induce the natives to remain permanently with the Europeans, as Servants in any capacity even if it were possible to compel them to do so, it would lead to mischief – each of the men have a woman, whom they call their wife – and consequently if we employ the men, we must allow them to bring their women also and from the [indecipherable] character of the Europeans generally at the outer stations there would be constant wrangling with them and the natives respecting the women – which might possibly lead to something worse -

[Page 162]

I have but seldom seen any of them work for more than four or five days at one time – therefore cannot possibly compare their services (in any way) with those of the Europeans –

I think the Natives generally speaking are the most indolent beings in existence many of them would rather starve than work in the way Europeans do –

I imagine the numbers to be in the district where I reside about eighty (80) not including their women and children

[Page 163]

(21)
201
Melbourne 3rd August 1841

Sir,
In reply to your letter of the 23rd Ultimo, (Received 14 Augst. 1841) in which you request me to communicate to you, for the information of the Committee of the Legislative Council appointed to consider the subject of Emigration generally, whether the Aboriginal Natives, formerly employed by me, are still in my service, I have the honor to state, that, in the month of March last, having had occasion to visit Melbourne, I received a letter when there acquainting me that the Blacks were committing outrages and that several heads of the sheep under their charge had been discovered near some water-holes. On my return to the Ovens, they had all fled, from a consciousness, I suppose, of their misbehaviour and an apprehension of my displeasure; and I have not seen a Black since

[Page 164]

This circumstance however discouraging it may be to the expectation if their being rendered permanently useful, foes not alter the opinion I had formed of a great many of them. Were a few of the worst characters weeded out, and summarily punished on the spot when detected in the act of committing offences by solitary confinement or otherwise, and could the great body of the different tribes be kept at a distance & not be permitted to mix with the well behaved, I still think a certain number of them might be safely and usefully employed as shepherds; but to keep all right, it would be requisite that a judicious Overseer should constantly live among, & be himself one of them. At the time I expressed my opinion to His Excellency the Governor I felt justified in describing them

[Page 165]

205
as good shepherds & honest men, for, with their assistance under the guidance of one white man, I had from a flock of 1200 Ewes an increase of not less than 96 per cent, and which induced me to believe them to be “honest" was, that when I left my tent in the indecipherable of them at the distance of three miles from my head station, I never found that any thing had been stolen. I also felt at all times secure from danger – they were always glad to see me – I never carried fire-arms. There are other traits in their character which exhibits them in a very favorable light – which prove that when well treated they have a regard for the safety of the Master’s property. I recollect on one occasion when alarmed by a report that on the following day they were to have a hostile visit from some of their white

[Page 166]

neighbours, they brought each man his flock (6000 & upwards) within sight of my hit, and then went away saying, we will return in two or three days when “cooler" (white men’s wrath) is all gone. This they did, and I again employed them, although I suffered much from the mixtures of the different flocks.

You wish to know how I remunerated them. I gave them as much as they could eat – to each shepherd a ration of Beef or Mutton, and that of the best quality, for there are Epicures even among the Blacks viz 4 lbs per diem or 28 lbs per week, ¼ lb Tea, 1 ½ lbs sugar, and three or four [indecipherable] of the best Tobacco – [indecipherable] Colonial. To several I gave blankets, but the number I do not recollect. Having replied

[in the margin] & also 8 lbs of the best Sydney flour.

[Page 167]

207
to the queries contained in your letter, which I received this evening, I must defer answering the Circular to a future day, although from my imperfect knowledge of the Aboriginal character & brief experience of the Bush-life, I fear I shall not be able to furnish much information that will be found to be practically useful

I have the honor to be, Sir,
Your most obedient Servant
Joseph Docker

Wm Macpherson Esq.
Clerk of Councils
&c &c &c

[Page 168]

(7)
209
Cardington 16th July 1841

[the first part of this submission has been crossed out]

I therefore avail myself of this opportunity of stating that I think, that if some money could be adopted by the Government to the Education of the Aboriginal Native Children, that in a few years they would in some measure supply the demands for laborers. I would therefore recommend the School should be established in the different Districts for the Education and Conversion of these unfortunate children, where after remaining for a time until they are in some measure weaned from their former habits; they should be removed to Schools down the Country, and so preventing any of the Tribes having influence over them – I am well convinced that if rewards were given to those Natives who would give up their children to be educated, that they would willingly do so; and by this means more would be accomplished in twelve months towards

[Page 169]

the conversion of these unfortunate people to Christianity, than has hitherto been done since the Mission was first established.

The progress made by the children now under the care of Mr Watson, will fully bear me out in this assertion, as they know [indecipherable] a great deal more of the contents of the Bible! than most European children do of the same age? The Government having now Fifteen per cent of the Land Fund set apart by authority, to be extended on the Aboriginal Natives, I am sure they could not express it better, than by establishing Schools for the education of these children and as a proof of what a little can be done with the Adults I need only mention the little success that has attended the very great exertions made by the Mission at Wellington Valley. Trusting that some measures may be adopted for improving the condition of these unfortunate people –

I have the honor to remain
Sir
Your most obedient Servant
GB Boulton

To, Wm Macpherson Esq
Clerk of Councils

[Page 170]

OHMS
Wm Macpherson Esq
Clerk of Councils
Sydney

[Page 171]

(3)
District of Bligh
Commissioner of Crown Lands Office
June 26th 1845

213

Sir In answer to your circular regarding the Aborigines of this Colony I have always found them to be of an Indolent lazey and careless disposition.

I am aware of some instances in this District where a black is found to do the work of a European but this is an exception to the generality of them, I consider the work done by a native black compared with that of Europeans to be about one third. The native blacks are never paid in money for what

[Page 172]

they may do for the Settler but in rations such as Tea sugar Tobacco flour and meat, I am perfectly certain that no settler would risk his flocks in the hands of a native black. The female blacks used at one time to shepherd and made very good shepherds, but that was from being made slaves of and taken from the blacks whom they belonged which often led to bloodshed but has now been intirely put a stop to within this last two years,

A native black will for a few days work well for you, he will then tell you that he must go to the bush and look out his brother black fellows,

[Page 173]

215
if you are angry with them or harsh they will leave your place and that clandestinely.

These are a few remarks that have come under my own eye,

Addresses of the parties which circulars have been sent
Ja Walker Esq J.P Hartly
C. Rouse Esq Mudgee
[indecipherable] Cat Esq J.P. Daby
N.P. Bayley Esq Supt for Wm Lawson Esq Mudgee

I have the honor to be
Sir
Your most Obedt. Servt.
[indecipherable] D Hunter
ccl.

To Wm Macphersom Esq
Clerk of Councils
&c &c &c
Sydney

[Page 174]

Circular 2
[indecipherable] 41/4 Council Office
June 1841

217
Question 1
answered

I have one Native Aboriginal Police man and when not on duty with me in the Bush, he will do anything that I may require, that he can. My Public duty does not admit of my attending to any other pursuits or I have no doubt I could attach others to me.

Question 2. –
Answered

I have frequently had the Natives to cut Bark grind wheat though not [indecipherable] it in order that they might do something for any food or presents I might give them and they have performed the work cheerfully.

[Page 175]

Question 3.
Answered

The remuneration that Native Blacks most desire is a very Liberal allowance of Fresh Meat and Tobacco –

Question 4.
Answered

I consider the Aboriginal Natives are a very shrewd, cunning and intelligent people and a people of great observation and quick powers of Imitation but I consider that great difficultys are in the way of attaching them to the Establishment of most of the Settlers as otherwise they would make most excellent and superior

[Page 176]

219
superior Shepherds and Stockkeepers –

The assigned Servants have generally a great dislike to them, and are jealous of seeing them employed and threaten them and they finding themselves uncomfortable will of course not remain at the Stations “and the treatment that they have been in the habit of receiving from this class of Men “and from parties that ought to know better," Until recently checked by the establishment of the “Border Police" has been one great and beneful source of all the hostility and aggression

[Page 177]

aggression committed on the “Whites", -

The spirit of revenge lies deep, and long, in their breasts and the innocent suffer at times for the guilty – and I would further remark on this point that the unfortunate promiscous intercourse that has taken place so much in this Colony between the Settlers assigned Servants and the Native Aboriginal women until recent measures have partially checked the same has much increased the dislike of the Aboriginal Natives to the whites
[this sentence crossed out]
as in the colder climate of the Southern Districts more virulent and protracted Disease has

[Page 178]

221
[this part sentence crossed out] has been engendered and lodged in the system from this intercourse and the Native Black women have declared from whence it had its origin –

and it is melancholy to dwell on the fact that Infanticide is frequent among them as the Native Aboriginal men cannot bear to see the half caste children “and the gins destroy them in the wild bush
[This part sentence crossed out] The mode of proceeding now with the Servants is to visit the Native Camps in the night as they are afraid to bring the Black Women to the sheets.

[Page 179]

Question 5
Answered

I have remarked that where the assigned servants are kept from much intercourse with the Blacks they will more readily engage if required in such pursuits as Shepherds and Stockmen provided there is a kind and humane person at the head of the Establishment, I should consider that a large increase of Married Emigrants in the Interior beyond the limits would be one great means of attaching the Blacks to the Stations and a more liberal and generous spirit among the

[Page 180]

223
The wealthy Stockholders beyond the Limits of permitting their superior [indecipherable] to give them occasionally a fresh Beef –
and not [indecipherable] directing their Stockkeepers to drive them off their [indecipherable] on the futile grounds that they frighten the Cattle
The parties themselves would if they understood their own interests, [indecipherable] most considerably by the line of conduct I have pointed out:-
As if the Blacks are kindly requested to traverse any particular direction of a [indecipherable]
Then when hunting they will do so if on friendly

[Page 181]

friendly terms. They have no desire to disturb the cattle but it is an excellent and good excuse for Indolent Stockmen who in some cases see their Master or superintendent but seldom -

Question 6
Answered

I have known some of the Aborigines of both sexes who during the day performed as much work about a house or farm as any European House Servant (particularly the gins) milk cows Drive a Team &c but I consider that as Shepherds or Stockmen they would be most useful. I do not think them adapted either by

[Page 182]

225
By climate or temperament for direct hard Manual Labour

Question 7.
Answered

I consider that the simple capacity of an Agricultural Laborer they do not fancy; it is inimical to their disposition and temper but as Shepherds they can still range the forests and as Stockmen they can do the same. The number of Blacks in the Murrumbidgee District may be estimated at 1500, to 2,000.

Henry Bingham
&c &c [indecipherable]

Police Station
Tumut River
24th June 1841 one

[Page 183]

[indecipherable]

227
minute
[added in pencil] by His Excellency Governor Sir George Gipps
On Captn Grey’s Report to the Secretary of State, on the means of improving and civilizing the Aborigines of New Holland.

The first fourteen paragraphs of the Report, represent the evils, which in the opinion of Captn Grey grow out of a practice or supposed practice of treating the Aborigines as a conquered people,
and

[Page 184]

and of allowing them from a feeling of generosity, to be governed by their own laws, in matters wherein they only are concerned.

I am of course unable to speak of the practice in the Australian Colonies, or to say what may be the language held by the Governments of those
Colonies

[Page 185]

229
Colonies towards the Aborigines; but the practice alluded to by Captn. Grey has not for many years past been sanctioned by any act of the Government of New South Wales, the language held by this Government being, that the Aborigines are Her Majesty’s subjects; and that whilst
they

[Page 186]

they are entitled in every respect to the benefit and protection of English Law, they are amenable also to the penalties imposed on infractions of the Law, whether the offence by committed against one of themselves, or against White Men. The practice of the Government also,
is

[Page 187]

231
Is, as far as possible, in conformity with this language; and no Law save English law, or to speak more correctly, the Law of the Colony founded on English Law, is recognized as being of any force in it.

It is true that in administering the Law, and especially in enforcing the penalties of
it

[Page 188]

It, a difference is frequently made, between Savages (who understand it not) and persons of European origin; but this difference is invariably in favor of the Savage; and if it were not so, the Law would become the instrument of the most grievous injustice.

It is only the more obvious offences
against

[Page 189]

233
against Society, that can with any degree of justice be visited against the Savage with extreme severity, - such as Murder, Rape, violence against the person, and other offences, which there can be no doubt should be regarded alike by the Savage and the civilized man, as deserving of punishment.
The

[Page 190]

The next five paragraphs of Captn Grey’s Report, relate to the disadvantages which the Aborigines are supposed to labour under, from the inadmissibility of their evidence in Court of Law.

On this head, it is only necessary to remark, that an Act of Council was passed in this Colony in
the

[Page 191]

235
the year 1839, (3d [indecipherable: ] 16) to admit their evidence, and that it was disallowed at home, - the disallowance of it being notified to me by the Secretary of State on the 11th August 1840, and published in the Government Gazette of this Colony, on the

It seems to me however essential
to

[Page 192]

To remark, that the inadmissibility of their evidence, acts perhaps quite as often in favor of the Aborigines, as against them.

The hardship of the exclusion of evidence that might be favorable to them, is always urged on the Jury both by their Counsel, and by the Judge; and is again taken into
Consideration

[Page 193]

237
Consideration by the Executive, in carrying into effect the Judgment of the Court. – The admission indeed of their evidence was in 1839, as much called for in this colony y persons who had suffered from the aggression of the Blacks, as by those who advocate their civilization; and complaints have
long

[Page 194]

Long been loud, that whilst the penalties of the Law are rigorrusly enforced against persons who commit violence on the Aborigines, the Aborigines themselves are when brought into our Courts, almost invariably acquitted. –

This has operated, there is some reason to believe, very unfavorably
for

[Page 195]

239
for the Aborigines, as from the difficulty and uncertainty of bringing them to justice, there is a disposition engendered in the minds of the less principled portion of the White Population, to take the law into their own hands, as was the case, when about three years ago, not less than 28 Aboriginal Natives
were

[Page 196]

Were barbarously murdered in the Liverpool Plains District, - an act of atrocity for which seven white men paid the forfeit of their lives on the scaffold. –

I may further observe, that Counsel is usually assigned by the Supreme Court, to any Natives brought for trial before it; and
that

[Page 197]

241
That the Government always provides the attendance of Interpreters, when they can possibly be found. Mr Threlkeld, a Missionary of the London Society has usually acted on such occasions; and he must, I doubt not, consider it his business to protect the Natives, as well as to interpret for them.
I

[Page 198]

I have moreover recently, on the application of the Chief Justice, appointed a Standing Counsel for the Aborigines, who will receive a fixed payment or fee from the Government, for every case in which he is engaged. The fee is to be three Guineas for every case in Sydney, and five Guineas in the Country.
The

[Page 199]

243
The remainder of Captn Grey’s Report, I am disposed to think by far the most valuable part of it, as it relates to the means by which the Aborigines may be induced to become voluntary Laborers for wages.

I consider this the most important part of the Report, because I am myself firmly persuaded, that next to the
diffusion

[Page 200]

Diffusion of Christian Instruction, the use of money, or to speak more correctly, the enjoyment which the use of money commands, are the most effectual of all means that can be resorted to in advancing Civilization.

I have on various occasions, and particularly in answer to an address presented to me
at

[Page 201]

245
At Wellington Valley, by the Inhabitants of the County of Bligh, endeavoured to persuade the Settlers of New South Wales to look to the Blacks for a supply of Labour.

I have also seriously contemplated the introduction of rewards to persons employing them, somewhat after the manner that is suggested by
Captn.

[Page 202]

Captn Grey, but have hitherto been deterred from attempting it, by the fear of the abuse the which such a practice might lead, and the certain difficulties that would attend on the distribution of the rewards.

It is by the employment of the Aborigines as laborers for wages, and the Education of
their

[Page 203]

247
Their children in Establishments conducted either by Missionaries, or official Protectors, that I consider the civilization of the Aborigines of the Continent must be worked out, if it is ever to be accomplished.

It may perhaps be observed, that my opinions with respect to the employment of
the

[Page 204]

the Aborigines are at variance with those of many persons, who consider it essential to keep them as far as possible out of contact with White Men.

I agree with these persons in thinking, that Missionary, or other Establishments for the Education of the Aborigines,
should

[Page 205]

249
Should be placed as far as possible from the resort of ordinary Settlers; and I have accordingly directed the fixed Establishments of the Protectors to be so placed in the Port Phillip District: - but at a distance from these Establishments, I consider that it is by contact with White Men,
and

[Page 206]

and by being placed as nearly as possible on a par with them, that the civilization of the Aborigines is most likely to be advanced. –

It must be admitted indeed, that this will frequently expose them to temptations, which they may not be strong enough to withstand,
the

[Page 207]

251
the men to the use of ardent Spirits, - the women to be seduced from their husbands or natural protectors.

2nd Vict:
Nv 18
Sect: 119

Already however a Law exists in the Colony, which inflicts a penalty of £5 on any person who may be convicted of giving or selling Spirits to an Aboriginal Native; and a Law may perhaps

[Page 208]

perhaps be devised that shall give further protection to the Women. –

It is also to be observed, that during the last Session of the Council, an Act was passed to prevent the Aborigines as far as possible from using or having fire arms

4th Vict:
No. 8

G.G
Govt House Sydney
8 July 1841

[Transcribed by Robin Mathews for the State Library of New South Wales]